Bluedorn A, Jaussi K. Time and the challenge of temporal concepts. Res Multi Level Issues. 2007;6:249–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1475-9144(07)06012-2.
Article
Google Scholar
Levasseur L, Shipp AJ, Fried Y, Rousseau DM, Zimbardo PG. New perspectives on time perspective and temporal focus. J Organ Behav. 2020;41:235–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2435.
Article
Google Scholar
Shipp AJ, Aeon B. Temporal focus: thinking about the past, present, and future. Curr Opin Psychol. 2019;26:37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.04.005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shipp AJ, Fried Y, editors. Time and work: how time impacts individuals (Vol. 1) and how time impacts groups, organizations, and methodological choices (Vol. 2) in the current issues in work and organizational psychology series. Hove: Psychology Press; 2014.
Google Scholar
Stolarski M, Wojtkowska K, Kwiecinska M. Time for love: partners time perspectives predict relationship satisfaction in romantic heterosexual couples. Time Soc. 2016;25(3):552–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X15596703.
Article
Google Scholar
Schmitt A, Gielnik MM, Zacher H, Klemann DK. The motivational benefits of specific versus general optimism. J Positive Psychol. 2013;8(5):425–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.820338.
Article
Google Scholar
Li H, Cao Y. Personal attitudes toward time: the relationship between temporal focus, space-time mappings and real life experiences. Scand J Psychol. 2017;58(3):193–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12358.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kelber M, Lickel B, Denson T. Temporal focus, emotions, and support for intergroup aggression. Group Process Intergroup Relat. 2019;23(2):226–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218824403.
Article
Google Scholar
Seijts GH. The importance of future time perspective in theories of work motivation. J Psychol. 1998;132(2):154–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599156.
Article
Google Scholar
Kees J, Burton S, Tangari A. The impact of regulatory focus, temporal orientation, and fit on consumer responses to health-related advertising. J Advert. 2010;39(1):19–34. https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367390102.
Article
Google Scholar
Strahan EJ, Wilson A. Temporal comparisons, identity, and motivation: the relation between past, present, and possible future selves. In: Dunkel C, Kerpelman J, editors. Possible selves: theory, research and applications. New York: Nova Science; 2006. p. 1–16.
Google Scholar
Hafenbrack A. State temporal focus in the workplace. Acad Manag Proc. 2015. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.11665abstract.
Article
Google Scholar
McKay M, Percy A, Goudie A, Sumnall H, Cole J. The Temporal Focus Scale: factor structure and association with alcohol use in a sample of Northern Irish school children. J Adolesc. 2012;35(5):1361–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.05.006.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cerdin JL, Liao Y, Sharma K. The role of temporal focus, dispositional employability, and training on the perceived internal career prospects of talents. Int J Hum Resour Manag. 2020;31(9):1106–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1711441.
Article
Google Scholar
Madsen J, Kaila A, Vehviläinen-Julkunen K, Miettinen M. Time allocation and temporal focus in nursing management: an integrative review. J Nurs Manag. 2016;24(8):983–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12411.
Article
Google Scholar
Briker R, Walter F, Cole M. The Consequences of (Not) seeing eye-to-eye about the past: the role of supervisor-team fit in past temporal focus for supervisors’ leadership behavior. J Organ Behav. 2019;41(3):244–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2416.
Article
Google Scholar
Tuncdogan A, Dogan IC. Managers’ regulatory focus, temporal focus and exploration–exploitation activities. J Manag Psychol. 2019;35(1):13–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2018-0318.
Article
Google Scholar
Back P, Rosing K, Kraft P, Dickler T, Bausch A. CEOs’ temporal focus, firm strategic change, and performance: insights from a paradox perspective. Eur Manag J. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.04.009.
Article
Google Scholar
Des Jardine M, Shi W. Past, present, and future: a look at how CEO temporal focus affects strategic risk taking. Acad Manag Proc. 2019. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.11306abstract.
Article
Google Scholar
Bylund E, Gygax P, Samuel S, Athanasopoulos P. Back to the future? The role of temporal focus for mapping time onto space. Q J Exp Psychol. 2019;73(2):174–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021819867624.
Article
Google Scholar
Shipp AJ, Edwards JR, Lambert LS. Conceptualization and measurement of temporal focus: the subjective experience of the past, present, and future. Org Behav Hum Dec Process. 2009;110(1):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.05.001.
Article
Google Scholar
Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. Putting time in perspective: a valid, reliable individual-differences metric. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999;77(6):1271–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271.
Article
Google Scholar
Chishima Y, Mckay M, Murakami T. The reliability and validity of the Temporal Focus Scale in young Japanese adults. Personal Individ Differ. 2017;119:230–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.031.
Article
Google Scholar
Chishima Y, Mckay M, Cole J. The generalizability of temporal focus profiles across cultures: a secondary analysis using data from Japan and the United Kingdom. Personal Individ Differ. 2017;111:92–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.011.
Article
Google Scholar
Mohammed S, Marhefka J. How have we, do we, and will we measure time perspective? A review of methodological and measurement issues. J Organiz Behav. 2019;41(3):276–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2414.
Article
Google Scholar
Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. Putting time in perspective: a valid, reliable individual-differences metric. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999;77(6):17–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_2.
Article
Google Scholar
Strathman A, Gleicher F, Boninger DS, Edwards CS. The consideration of future consequences. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;66(4):742–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00869-000.
Article
Google Scholar
Zacher H, Frese M. Remaining time and opportunities at work: relationships between age, work characteristics, and occupational future time perspective. Psychol Aging. 2009;24(2):487–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015425.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
D’Alessio M, Guarino A, De Pascalis V, Zimbardo PG. Testing Zimbardo’s Stanford time perspective inventory (STPI)—short form. Time Soc. 2003;12(2–3):333–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X030122010.
Article
Google Scholar
Laghi F, Baiocco R, Liga F, Guarino A, Baumgartner E. Identity status differences among Italian adolescents: associations with time perspective. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2013;35:482–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.12.018.
Article
Google Scholar
Worrell FC, Temple EC, McKay MT, Živkovič U, Perry JL, Mello ZR, Musil B, Cole JC. A theoretical approach to resolving the psychometric problems associated with the Zimbardo time perspective inventory: results from the USA, Australia, Slovenia, and the United Kingdom. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2018;34(1):41–51. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000313.
Article
Google Scholar
Siegle GJ, Thayer JF. Physiological aspects of depressive rumination. In: Papageorgiou C, Wells A, editors. Depressive rumination. Hoboken: Wiley; 2003. p. 79–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470713853.ch5.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Stolarski M, Matthews G. Time perspectives predict mood states and satisfaction with life over and above personality. Curr Psychol. 2016;35(4):516–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9515-2.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang JW, Howell RT. Do time perspectives predict unique variance in life satisfaction beyond personality traits? Pers Individ Differ. 2011;50(8):1261–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.021.
Article
Google Scholar
Åström E, Wiberg B, Sircova A, Wiberg M, Carelli MG. Insights into features of anxiety through multiple aspects of psychological time. J Integr Psychol Ther. 2014;2(1):3. https://doi.org/10.7243/2054-4723-2-3.
Article
Google Scholar
Åström E, Seif A, Wiberg B, Carelli MG. Getting “stuck” in the future or the past: relationships between dimensions of time perspective, executive functions, and repetitive negative thinking in anxiety. Psychopathology. 2018;51(6):362–70. https://doi.org/10.1159/000494882.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perry JL, McKay MT, Worrell FC, Živkovič U, Mello ZR, Musil B. Measuring time perspective in adolescents: can you get the right answer by asking the wrong questions? Pers Individ Differ. 2015;78:53–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.015.
Article
Google Scholar
Vannikov-Lugassi M, Soffer-Dudek N. No time like the present: thinking about the past and the future is related to state dissociation among individuals with high levels of psychopathological symptoms. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2465.
Article
Google Scholar
Altan-Atalay A, Özarslan I, Biriz B. Negative urgency and time perspective: interactive associations with anxiety and depression. J Gen Psychol. 2020;147(3):293–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2020.1745139.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Finan L, Moon J, Kaur M, Gard D, Mello Z. Trepidation and time: an examination of anxiety and thoughts and feelings about the past, present, and future among adolescents. Appl Dev Sci. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2020.1778476.
Article
Google Scholar
Zhang JW, Howell RT, Stolarski M. Comparing three methods to measure a balanced time perspective: the relationship between a balanced time perspective and subjective wellbeing. J Happ Stud. 2013;14(1):169–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9322-x.
Article
Google Scholar
Epel ES, Bandura A, Zimbardo PG. Escaping homelessness: the influences of self-efficacy and time perspective on coping with homelessness. J Appl Soc Psychol. 1999;29:575–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01402.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Pierro A, Pica G, Klein K, et al. Looking back or moving on: how regulatory modes affect nostalgia. Motiv Emot. 2013;37:653–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-013-9350-9.
Article
Google Scholar
Choy EEH, Cheung H. Time perspective, control, and affect mediate the relation between regulatory mode and procrastination. PLoS ONE. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207912.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dewolf L, Koller M, Velikova G, Johnson C, Scott N, Bottomley A. Quality of life group translation procedure (3rd ed). EORTC Quality of Life Group. 2009. http://groups.eortc.be/qol/downloads/translation_manual_2009.pdf.
Abbas J, Zhang Q, Hussain I, Akram S, Afaq A, Shad MA. Sustainable innovation in small medium enterprises: the impact of knowledge management on organizational innovation through a mediation analysis by using SEM approach. Sustainability. 2020;12(6):2407.
Article
Google Scholar
Groves RM, Couper MP. Nonresponse in household interview surveys. Hoboken: Wiley; 2012.
Google Scholar
MacCallum R, Browne M, Sugawara H. Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychol Methods. 1996;1(2):130–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130.
Article
Google Scholar
Scheier MF, Carver CS, Bridges MW. Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;67(6):1063–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giannini M, Schuldberg D, Di Fabio A, Gargaro D. Misurare l’ottimismo: Proprietà psicometriche della versione italiana del Life orientation test—revised (LOT-R). Counseling Giornale italiano di ricerca e applicazioni. 2008;1:73–84.
Google Scholar
Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika. 1951;16(3):297–334.
Article
Google Scholar
Cronbach LJ. My current thoughts on coefficient alpha and successor procedures. Educ Psychol Meas. 2004;64(3):391–418.
Article
Google Scholar
McDonald RP. Test theory: a unified treatment. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1999.
Google Scholar
Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess. 1985;49(1):71–5. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Di Fabio A, Gori A. Measuring adolescent life satisfaction: psychometric properties of the Satisfaction With Life Scale in a sample of Italian adolescents and young adults. J Psychoeduc Assess. 2015;34(5):501–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282915621223.
Article
Google Scholar
Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M. Generalized self-efficacy scale. In: Weinman J, Wright S, Johnston M, editors. Measures in health psychology: a user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs. Windsor: NFER-NELSON; 1995. p. 35–7.
Google Scholar
Sibilia L, Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M. Italian adaptation of the general self-efficacy scale: self-efficacy generalized. 1985. http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/health/italian.htm.
Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Beck depression inventory, 2nd edn manual. The Psychological Corporation Harcourt Brace & Company. 1996.
Ghisi M, Flebus GB, Montano A, Sanavio E, Sica C. Beck depression inventory-II. BDI-II. Manuale. O. S. Organizzazioni Speciali. 2006.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text rev.). 2000.
Endler N, Edwards JM, & Vitelli R. EMAS Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales: Manuale. Versione italiana di Anna Laura Communian. O. S. Organizzazioni Speciali. 1996. ISBN: 88-09-40096-8.
Endler N, Parker J, Bagby R, Cox B. Multidimensionality of state and trait anxiety: factor structure of the endler multidimensional anxiety scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;60(6):919–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.919.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Higgins ET, Kruglanski AW, Pierro A. Regulatory mode: locomotion and assessment as distinct orientations. In: Zanna MP, editor. Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 35. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2003. p. 293–344.
Google Scholar
Pierro A, Kruglanski AW, Higgins ET. Regulatory mode and the joys of doing: effects of ‘locomotion’ and ‘assessment’ on intrinsic and extrinsic task motivation. Eur J Pers Publ Eur Assoc Pers Psychol. 2006;20(5):355–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.600.
Article
Google Scholar
Teo T. Using structural equation modelling (SEM) in educational technology research: issues and guidelines. Br J Educ Technol. 2010;41(6):117–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01008.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Yu CY. Evaluating cutoff criteria of model fit indices for latent variable models with binary and continuous outcomes. Berkeley: University of California; 2002.
Google Scholar
Barbaranelli C. Analisi dei dati con SPSS. LED: Le analisi Multivariate; 2006.
Google Scholar
Borders A. Rumination and mood disorders. In: Borders A, editor. Rumination and related constructs. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2020. p. 3–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812545-8.00001-2.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Mckay M, Cole J, Percy A. Temporal focus clusters differ meaningfully in terms of anxiety and depressive symptomatology. Psychiatry Res. 2017;256:283–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.061.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zaleski Z. Future anxiety: concept, measurement, and preliminary research. Pers Indiv Differ. 1996;21(2):165–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(96)00070-0.
Article
Google Scholar
Rush J, Grouzet FME. It is about time: daily relationships between temporal perspective and well-being. J Posit Psychol. 2012;7(5):427–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.713504.
Article
Google Scholar
Zimbardo PG, Keough KA, Boyd JN. Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Pers Indiv Differ. 1997;23(6):1007–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00113-X.
Article
Google Scholar
Stolarski M, Zajenkowski M, Zajenkowska A. Aggressive? From time to time … uncovering the complex associations between time perspectives and aggression. Curr Psychol. 2016;35(4):506–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9422-6.
Article
Google Scholar
Keough KA, Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. Who’s smoking, drinking, and using drugs? Time perspective as a predictor of substance use. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 1999;21(2):149–64. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BA210207.
Article
Google Scholar
Ferrari JR, Dìaz-Morales JF. Procrastination: different time orientations reflect different motives. J Res Pers. 2007;41(3):707–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.06.006.
Article
Google Scholar
Webster JD. A new measure of time perspective: initial psychometric findings for the balanced time perspective scale (BTPS). Can J Behav Sci. 2011;43(2):111–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022801.
Article
Google Scholar
Stolarski M, Bitner J, Zimbardo PG. Time perspective, emotional intelligence and discounting of delayed awards. Time Soc. 2011;20(3):346–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X11414296.
Article
Google Scholar
Webster JD, Ma X. A balanced time perspective in adulthood: well-being and developmental effects. Can J Aging. 2013;32:433–42. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980813000500.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Witowska J, Zajenkowski M, Wittmann M. Integration of balanced time perspective and time perception: the role of executive control and neuroticism. Personal Individ Differ. 2020;163:110061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110061.
Article
Google Scholar
Boniwell I, Zimbardo PG. Balancing time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. In: Joseph S (ed) Positive psychology in practice. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118996874.ch13.
McKay M, Worrell FC, Zivkovic U, Temple E, Mello Z, Musil B, Cole J, Andretta J, Perry J. A balanced time perspective: is it an exercise in empiricism, and does it relate meaningfully to health and well-being outcomes? Int J Psychol. 2018;54(6):775–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12530.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stolarski M, Zajenkowski M, Jankowski K, Szymaniak K. Deviation from the balanced time perspective: a systematic review of empirical relationships with psychological variables. Personal Individ Differ. 2020;156:109772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109772.
Article
Google Scholar
Irish M, Goldberg Z, Alaeddin S, et al. Age-related changes in the temporal focus and self-referential content of spontaneous cognition during periods of low cognitive demand. Psychol Res. 2019;87:747–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1102-8.
Article
Google Scholar