Table 1 Constructs used in previous temporal focus studies

Optimism

Past focus was negatively related to optimism

[21]

Satisfaction with life and subjective well-being

Inverse association between past focus and life satisfaction; relationship between a balanced time perspective and subjective well-being

[37,38,39,40,41]

Self-efficacy

Future orientation was associated with higher self-efficacy

[42]

Depression

Depressive rumination was associated with past orientation

[32, 36]

Anxiety

Persons with anxiety symptoms were more prone to look upon their future with worry and negative anticipation and to recall their past with regret and aversive feelings

[32,33,34,35]

Regulatory modes

Locomotion was characterized by future focus and reluctance to revisit the past; assessment showed a positive relationship with nostalgia

[43, 44]