Yee N. Motivations for play in online games. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2006;9(6):772–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
De Freitas S, Griffiths M. The convergence of gaming practices with other media forms: what potential for learning? A review of the literature. Learn Media Technol. 2008;33(1):11–20.
Article
Google Scholar
De Freitas S, Griffiths M. Online gaming as an educational tool in learning and training. Br J Educ Technol. 2007;38(3):535–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Granic I, Lobel A, Engels RC. The benefits of playing video games. Am Psychol. 2014;69(1):66.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
King DL, Delfabbro PH, Perales JC, Deleuze J, Király O, Krossbakken E, Billieux J. Maladaptive player-game relationships in problematic gaming and gaming disorder: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2019;73:101777.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Toker S, Baturay MH. Antecedents and consequences of game addiction. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;55:668–79.
Article
Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington: American psychiatric association; 2013.
Book
Google Scholar
Petry NM, Rehbein F, Ko CH, O’Brien CP. Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17(9):1–9.
Article
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. ICD-11 Beta Draft: Gaming Disorder. https://www.who.int/classifications/classification-of-diseases. Accessed 01 Aug 2019.
Jo YS, Bhang SY, Choi JS, Lee HK, Lee SY, Kweon YS. Clinical characteristics of diagnosis for internet gaming disorder: comparison of DSM-5 IGD and ICD-11 GD diagnosis. J Clin Med. 2019;8(7):945.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Montag C, Schivinski B, Sariyska R, Kannen C, Demetrovics Z, Pontes HM. Psychopathological symptoms and gaming motives in disordered gaming—a psychometric comparison between the WHO and APA diagnostic frameworks. J Clin Med. 2019;8(10):1691.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Weinstein A, Livny A, Weizman A. New developments in brain research of internet and gaming disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;75:314–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yuan K, Qin W, Yu D, Bi Y, Xing L, Jin C, Tian J. Core brain networks interactions and cognitive control in internet gaming disorder individuals in late adolescence/early adulthood. Brain Struct Funct. 2016;221(3):1427–42.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Konrad K, Firk C, Uhlhaas PJ. Brain development during adolescence: neuroscientific insights into this developmental period. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(25):425.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sugaya N, Shirasaka T, Takahashi K, Kanda H. Bio-psychosocial factors of children and adolescents with internet gaming disorder: a systematic review. BioPsychoSocial Med. 2019;13(1):1–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Kuss DJ, Pontes HM, Griffiths MD. Neurobiological correlates in internet gaming disorder: a systematic literature review. Front Psychiatry. 2018;8(9):166.
Article
Google Scholar
Yip SW, Gross JJ, Chawla M, Ma SS, Shi XH, Liu L, Yao YW, Zhu L, Worhunsky PD, Zhang J. Is neural processing of negative stimuli altered in addiction independent of drug effects? Findings from drug-naïve youth with internet gaming disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(6):1364–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Han DH, Yoo M, Renshaw PF, Petry NM. A cohort study of patients seeking Internet gaming disorder treatment. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(4):930–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Han DH, Lyoo IK, Renshaw PF. Differential regional gray matter volumes in patients with on-line game addiction and professional gamers. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(4):507–15.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yuan K, Qin W, Wang G, Zeng F, Zhao L, Yang X, Liu P, Liu J, Sun J, von Deneen KM, Gong Q. Microstructure abnormalities in adolescents with internet addiction disorder. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(6):e20708.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schettler L, Thomasius R, Paschke K. Neural correlates of problematic gaming in adolescents: a systematic review of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Addict Biol. 2022;27(1):e13093.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vollmer C, Randler C, Horzum MB, Ayas T. Computer game addiction in adolescents and its relationship to chronotype and personality. SAGE Open. 2014;4(1):2158244013518054.
Article
Google Scholar
Mentzoni RA, Brunborg GS, Molde H, Myrseth H, Skouverøe KJ, Hetland J, Pallesen S. Problematic video game use: estimated prevalence and associations with mental and physical health. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011;14(10):591–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yang X, Jiang X, Mo PK, Cai Y, Ma L, Lau JT. Prevalence and interpersonal correlates of internet gaming disorders among Chinese adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(2):579.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wichstrøm L, Stenseng F, Belsky J, von Soest T, Hygen BW. Symptoms of internet gaming disorder in youth: predictors and comorbidity. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019;47(1):71.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim HS, Son G, Roh EB, Ahn WY, Kim J, Shin SH, Chey J, Choi KH. Prevalence of gaming disorder: a meta-analysis. Addict Behav. 2022;126:107183.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stevens MW, Dorstyn D, Delfabbro PH, King DL. Global prevalence of gaming disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2021;55(6):553–68.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Coyne SM, Stockdale LA, Warburton W, Gentile DA, Yang C, Merrill BM. Pathological video game symptoms from adolescence to emerging adulthood: a 6-year longitudinal study of trajectories, predictors, and outcomes. Dev Psychol. 2020;56(7):1385.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wartberg L, Kriston L, Zieglmeier M, Lincoln T, Kammerl R. A longitudinal study on psychosocial causes and consequences of Internet gaming disorder in adolescence. Psychol Med. 2019;49(2):287–94.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Digital Games Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Digital Games consume in Iran; 2020. https://direc.ircg.ir/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/EnglishLandscape13990805.pdf
Vahidi M, Zamanzadeh V, Musavi S, Roshangar F, Janani R. Gaming disorder among students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences: the frequency and related factors. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2021;35:98.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Areshtanab HN, Fathollahpour F, Bostanabad MA, Ebrahimi H, Hosseinzadeh M, Fooladi MM. Internet gaming disorder and its relationship with behavioral disorder and mother’s parenting styles in primary school students according to gender in Iran. BMC Psychol. 2021;9(1):1–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Abdoli N, Farnia V, Alikhani M, Sadeghi-Bahmani D, Dürsteler KM, Esmaeili M, Brühl A, Brand S. Validation and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the 21-item game addiction scale with a sample of adolescents and young adults. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:665.
Lin CY, Imani V, Broström A, Årestedt K, Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD. Evaluating the psychometric properties of the 7-item Persian Game Addiction Scale for Iranian adolescents. Front Psychol. 2019;10:149.
Wu TY, Lin CY, Årestedt K, Griffiths MD, Broström A, Pakpour AH. Psychometric validation of the Persian nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form: Does gender and hours spent online gaming affect the interpretations of item descriptions? J Behav Addict. 2017;6(2):256–63.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nazari A, Amini Manesh S, Moradi A, Farzad V. Standardization of Online Gaming Addiction Questionnaire (Persian). J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2015;22(4):603–11.
Google Scholar
King DL, Chamberlain SR, Carragher N, Billieux J, Stein D, Mueller K, Potenza MN, Rumpf HJ, Saunders J, Starcevic V, Demetrovics Z. Screening and assessment tools for gaming disorder: A comprehensive systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2020;77: 101831.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paschke K, Austermann MI, Thomasius R. Assessing ICD-11 gaming disorder in adolescent gamers: Development and validation of the gaming disorder scale for adolescents (GADIS-A). J Clin Med. 2020;9(4):993.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Haynes SN, Richard D, Kubany ES. Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(3):238.
Article
Google Scholar
Hair JF, Black CW, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 2014.
Google Scholar
Nazari N, Shabbir MS, Sevbitov AV, Sadeghi M, Griffiths MD. Psychometric evaluation of the Russian version of the gaming disorder scale for adolescents. Curr Psychol. 2022;18:1–5.
Google Scholar
Demetrovics Z, Urbán R, Nagygyörgy K, Farkas J, Griffiths MD, Pápay O, Kökönyei G, Felvinczi K, Oláh A. The development of the problematic online gaming questionnaire (POGQ). PLoS ONE. 2012;7(5):e36417.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Pers Psychol. 1975;28(4):563–75.
Article
Google Scholar
Evers A, Hagemeister C, Høstmælingen A, Lindley P, Muñiz J, Sjöberg A. EFPA review model for the description and evaluation of psychological and educational tests. Test review form and notes for reviewers. Version 4.2. 2013;25(3):283-91.
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Routledge; 2013.
Book
Google Scholar
Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Publications; 2015.
Google Scholar
Kilic AF, Uysal I, Burcu AT. Comparison of confirmatory factor analysis estimation methods on binary data. Int J Assess Tools Educ. 2020;7(3):451–87.
Article
Google Scholar
Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociol Methods Res. 1992;21(2):230–58.
Article
Google Scholar
Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 1999;6(1):1–55.
Article
Google Scholar
Revelle WR (Photographer). psych: procedures for personality and psychological research 2017.
Rosseel Y. lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw. 2012;48:1–36.
Article
Google Scholar
Nunnally JC. Psychometric theory 3E. New York: Tata Mcgraw-Hill Education; 1994.
Google Scholar
Barrett P. Structural equation modelling: Adjudging model fit. Personal Individ Differ. 2007;42(5):815–24.
Article
Google Scholar
Chakrabarti A, Ghosh JK. AIC, BIC and recent advances in model selection. Philosophy Stat. 2011;7:583-605.
Chou C, Condron L, Belland JC. A review of the research on Internet addiction. Educ Psychol Rev. 2005;17(4):363–88.
Article
Google Scholar
Lemmens JS, Valkenburg PM, Peter J. Psychosocial causes and consequences of pathological gaming. Comput Hum Behav. 2011;27(1):144–52.
Article
Google Scholar
Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ, King DL. Video game addiction: past, present and future. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2012;8(4):308–18.
Article
Google Scholar
Sublette VA, Mullan B. Consequences of play: A systematic review of the effects of online gaming. Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2012;10(1):3–23.
Article
Google Scholar
Ko CH, Lin HC, Lin PC, Yen JY. Validity, functional impairment and complications related to Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 and gaming disorder in the ICD-11. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2020;54(7):707–18.
Article
Google Scholar
Barr M, Copeland-Stewart A. Playing video games during the COVID-19 pandemic and effects on players’ well-being. Games Cult. 2022;17(1):122–39.
Article
Google Scholar
Teng Z, Pontes HM, Nie Q, Griffiths MD, Guo C. Depression and anxiety symptoms associated with internet gaming disorder before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study. J Behav Addict. 2021;10(1):169–80.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Choi EP, Hui BP, Wan EY. Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3740.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lopez-Fernandez O, Williams AJ, Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ. Female gaming, gaming addiction, and the role of women within gaming culture: a narrative literature review. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:454.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar