Table 1 Baseline characteristics of CALD and non-CALD participants

Demographic

Age [range, 12–25 years]

18.6 [3.2]^a

18.2 [3.2]^a

0.39 [− 0.22, 1.00]^b

Female

88 [68.8%]

408 [66.7%]

1.10 [0.73, 1.66]

Australian-born

88 [68.8%]

587 [95.9%]

0.09 [0.05, 0.16]^gj

Education status

Not engaged in education

33 [26.0%]

202 [33.9%]

School

39 [30.7%]

226 [37.9%]

1.06 [0.64, 1.74]

Vocational institution

16 [12.6%]

70 [11.7%]

1.40 [0.73, 2.70]

University

39 [30.7%]

98 [16.4%]

2.44 [1.44, 4.11]^gi

Employment status

Unemployed

70 [54.7%]

379 [61.9%]

Full-time

9 [7.0%]

50 [8.2%]

0.97 [0.46, 2.07]

Part-time

49 [38.3%]

183 [29.9%]

1.45 [0.97, 2.17]

Relationship status

Not in a relationship

84 [65.6%]

378 [61.8%]

Married / living together (> 6 months)

4 [3.1%]

21 [3.4%]

0.86 [0.29, 2.56]

Non-spousal partner

40 [31.3%]

213 [34.8%]

0.85 [0.56, 1.28]

Accommodation status

Boarding house / hostel

4 [3.3%]

10 [1.7%]

Independent housing

116 [96.7%]

571 [98.3%]

0.51 [0.16, 1.65]

Welfare recipient

53 [52.0%]

221 [47.0%]

1.22 [0.79, 1.87]

Mental disorder

Child-onset disorder

8 [7.1%]

100 [17.3%]

0.34 [0.16, 0.71]^fh

Clinical stage

Stage 0: Asymptomatic

3 [2.4%]

1 [0.2%]

Stage 1a: Symptomatic

31 [24.4%]

235 [38.5%]

0.04 [< 0.01, 0.44]^gi

Stage 1b: Attenuated syndrome

69 [54.3%]

312 [51.1%]

0.07 [< 0.01, 0.72]^fh

Stages 2 + 

24 [18.9%]

62 [10.2%]

0.13 [0.01, 1.30]^e

Stage 2: Discrete disorder

21 [16.5%]

44 [7.2%]

Stage 3: Recurrent or persistent disorder

3 [2.4%]

17 [2.8%]

Stage 4: Severe, persistent, and unremitting illness

0 [0.0%]

1 [0.2%]

Psychosis

Not at risk

72 [57.1%]

347 [57.3%]

At risk

45 [35.7%]

220 [36.3%]

0.99 [0.65, 1.48]

Met threshold for psychosis

9 [7.1%]

39 [6.4%]

1.11 [0.52, 2.40]

Depression

None

28 [22.0%]

130 [21.3%]

Mild

35 [27.6%]

204 [33.5%]

0.80 [0.46, 1.37]

Moderate

40 [31.5%]

172 [28.2%]

1.08 [0.63, 1.84]

Severe

23 [18.1%]

79 [13.0%]

1.35 [0.73, 2.51]

Very severe

1 [0.8%]

24 [3.9%]

0.19 [0.03, 1.49]

Anxiety^c

None

29 [23.2%]

152 [25.0%]

Mild

35 [28.0%]

135 [22.2%]

1.36 [0.79, 2.34]

Moderate

29 [23.2%]

166 [27.3%]

0.92 [0.52, 1.60]

Severe

32 [25.6%]

154 [25.4%]

1.09 [0.63, 1.89]

Family history of mental illness or suicide

66 [53.2%]

381 [63.9%]

0.64 [0.43, 0.95]^e

Substance use^d

Tobacco

76 [59.8%]

412 [67.3%]

0.72 [0.49, 1.07]

Alcohol

101 [79.5%]

531 [86.8%]

0.59 [0.36, 0.97]^e

Cannabis

54 [42.5%]

324 [52.9%]

0.66 [0.45, 0.97]^e

Cocaine

17 [13.4%]

94 [15.4%]

0.85 [0.49, 1.48]

Stimulants

27 [21.3%]

163 [26.7%]

0.74 [0.47, 1.18]

Inhalants

8 [6.3%]

57 [9.3%]

0.65 [0.30, 1.41]

Sedatives

17 [13.4%]

94 [15.4%]

0.85 [0.49, 1.48]

Hallucinogens

14 [11.0%]

122 [20.0%]

0.50 [0.28, 0.90]^e

Opioids

6 [4.7%]

36 [5.9%]

0.79 [0.33, 1.92]

Other drug(s)

4 [3.1%]

23 [3.8%]

0.83 [0.28, 2.45]

Injecting drug use

2 [1.6%]

18 [3.0%]

0.53 [0.12, 2.32]

Occupational functioning

Functional impairment

49 [38.6%]

227 [37.2%]

1.06 [0.72, 1.57]

Quality of life

Poor

29 [23.6%]

159 [26.3%]

Average

46 [37.4%]

221 [36.6%]

1.14 [0.69, 1.90]

Good

48 [39.0%]

224 [37.1%]

1.17 [0.71, 1.94]

Forensic history

Non-violent charge

7 [5.6%]

43 [7.1%]

0.77 [0.34, 1.76]

Violent charge

3 [2.4%]

25 [4.2%]

0.57 [0.17, 1.92]

Violent victimization

20 [15.9%]

123 [20.2%]

0.75 [0.45, 1.25]

Child maltreatment

Physical abuse

44 [34.9%]

187 [30.7%]

1.21 [0.81, 1.82]

Sexual abuse

25 [19.8%]

133 [21.8%]

0.89 [0.55, 1.43]

Emotional abuse

91 [72.2%]

411 [67.5%]

1.25 [0.82, 1.92]

Physical neglect

57 [45.2%]

279 [45.8%]

0.98 [0.66, 1.44]

Emotional neglect

83 [65.9%]

395 [64.9%]

1.05 [0.70, 1.57]

Stigmatization

37 [42.5%]

177 [45.5%]

0.89 [0.55, 1.42]

Values are counts and percentages. Percentages are expressed as a function of valid cases rather than total cases

^aValues are means (standard deviations). ^bMean difference. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. ^cAnxiety symptoms measured using the GAD-7. ^dLifetime use

Significance testing: ^ep < .05, ^fp < .01, ^gp < .001. Values corrected for multiple testing using a false discovery rate (FDR) of 5%: ^hq < .05, ⁱq < .01, ^jq < .001