Cancer during pregnancy and its influence on the mother-child relationship
Pregnancy is considered to be both a developmental stage and a stage of extreme vulnerability for women [14]. Here physical and psychological changes occur, such as the psychological process that prepares the mother-to-be for her new responsibilities [7]. From the tenth week of gestation it is possible to see the raw emotions typical of attachment system; these grow more intense after the first fetal movements and more generally in the last trimester of pregnancy [15]. The mother-child relationship begins with the mental representation of the foetus and continues with the construction of an emotional bond based on the search for caregiving [14, 16]. It is important to emphasize that this bond can influence from the very beginning the child’s neuropsychological, emotional, and relational development [17]. One of the main developmental steps during pregnancy is the costruction of the prenatal attachment. If this developmental task is not accomplished, both the mother and her child may experience poor emotional adjustment and may encounter significant difficulties in the establishment of the mother-child relastionship after birth [14, 17]. Studies measuring prenatal attachment through questionnaires and subsequent postnatal attachment through observations of mother-child interactions, have noticed that mothers who scored higher in prenatal attachment measures showed more involvement and more frequently stimulated their infants compared to those mothers who perceived less emotional involvement in the last trimester of pregnancy [18, 19]. However, there are strong contributing factors, such as the presence of depressive symptoms, that can negatively impact on both prenatal attachment and the mother-child relationship during the post-partum period [17, 20, 21].
Numerous studies have showed that maternal exposure to stressful life events during pregnancy is associated with preterm birth, low birth weight and neurodevelopmental impairments [17]. Indeed, the mother may be physically and emotionally less able to build a relationship with her child and take care of him/her in the postpartum period; this can be said also for expecting mothers with cancer. As Elmberger and colleagues [22] emphasize, mothers with cancer often struggle to maintain their parental role and to function as “good mothers” due to their limited availability and exhaustion. This experience might impact on the construction of the mother-child relationship [23].
Current knowledge about psychological aspects of cancer diagnosis during pregnancy
To date, few studies have addressed psychosocial implications of cancer in expecting mothers and they present significant limitations. Through the use of self-administered questionnaires, Henry and colleagues [9] showed that patients with gestational cancer are likely to manifest clinically significant levels of distress if they experience cancer recurrence or risk of preterm birth, if they are advised to terminate the pregnancy, or if they have to undergo surgery during pregnancy [9]. This study recruited a small sample, and time between diagnosis and questionnaire administration was different for each patient. While psychological measures in proximity to diagnosis communication are more sensitive to the level of distress, measuring psychological symptoms after the event can inform on long-lasting influences.
Another study used a qualitative approach and investigated emotional and social issues retrospectively [13]. The main themes that emerged from the interviews were anxiety and distress throughout the whole duration of the pregnancy and after the child’s birth. In particular, anxiety was primarily linked to the patient’s concern over their limited availability and their baby’s health [13].
Finally, a study attempted to profile patients with gestational cancer and their partners [24]. The authors noticed that patients and their partners exhibited similar levels of distress, and that patients who used internalizing coping strategies had higher levels of concern for their child’s health, the disease and the treatment plan, and were therefore at higher risk of showing clinical distress [24]. However, they administered a non-standardized questionnaire, developed specifically to measure the psychological burden of cancer during pregnancy.
Due to the scarcity of studies it is possible to infer that the challenging situation in which the cancer diagnosis is communicated to the patient, namely pregnancy, may be overlooked or underestimated. Moreover, some parents-to-be are not embedded in a supportive social network and this can lead to increased levels of distress. A multidisciplinary team can help these couples by activating emotional and practical support, which would allow them to adjust to treatment plans and sustain their role and responsibility as a parent [22].
Future directions
There are several issues concerning the psychological management of gestational cancer that should be addressed; one of these is the degree of explanation these women receive from their oncologist with regards to the risks and available treatments. Another related aspect is whether they are allowed to take on an active role in the delicate decision-making process that might affect their own health and/or that of their unborn child. Standardised questionnaires and short, semi-structured interviews can capture these issues, which can then be raised in multidisciplinary clinical meetings in order to improve doctor-patient communication, reduce influence of personal prejudices, and respect the decision made by the patient.
Social support and emotional regulation, which are crucial aspects in non-expecting patients, should be addressed in mothers-to-be and inter-group comparisons should be conducted. While cancer patients under 45 years of age are psychologically more vulnerable than older ones due to the impact on current/future relationship with the partner, fertility, and uncertainty about the future [6], pregnant counterparts may show resilience in adjusting to illness-related changes, driven by a fighting spirit for their child’s and their own wellbeing. It is of paramount importance to provide a psychological evaluation of quality of life and psychological functioning of the parents-to-be, which carefully analyses anxious-depressive symptoms, the dyadic relationship of the couple, their support network, and the impact of the oncological disease on their lives. An early assessment of parents’ psychological well-being during pregnancy, including an evaluation of the maternal attachment style, would allow for the identification of “at risk” individuals, who can be referred to perinatal and postnatal support to prevent adverse pychological outcomes. Moreover, it may be helpful to develop and test an evidence-based psychological intervention that can promote parents’ resources to deal with the difficulties they encounter. Within this intervention, support from different professional figures can be activated in parallel to the psychological one, on the basis of the specific needs of the family at different stages of their therapeutic pathway [25].
As the oncologist’s primary focus with cases of gestational cancer is the treatment and survival of the patient, some psychological aspects may be overlooked. As a holistic approach to patient care is recommended, it is vital to understand the emotions and concerns of these women in order to increase awareness and knowledge about the type of support that should be offered in oncological settings. As these patients often report feeling “different” from other mothers-to-be, practical and emotional peri-natal support, based on empirical evidence, can help women feel less isolated and allow them to focus on bonding with their child [6].
