Table 3 Descriptive statistics of the German D-Lit-R scale

(1)

People with depression often speak incoherently

.58

.49

.23

.73

-.34

(2)

People with depression can feel guilty even though they have done nothing wrong

.96

.20

.16

.73

-4.70

(3)

Reckless and risk-taking behaviour are common signs of depression

.68

.47

.25

.73

-.76

(4)

Loss of self-confidence and low self-esteem can be signs of depression

.98

.14

.08

.74

-6.70

(5)

Not stepping on the joints of a footpath can be a sign of depression

.68

.47

.35

.72

-.76

(6)

People with depression often hear voices that are not there

.75

.43

.48

.71

-1.18

(7)

Sleeping too much or too little can be a sign of depression

.90

.29

.29

.72

-2.76

(8)

Eating too much or losing your appetite can be signs of depression

.92

.28

.28

.72

-3.01

(9)

Depression does not affect memory and concentration

.84

.37

.25

.73

-1.85

(10)

Having several different personalities can be a sign of depression

.64

.48

.50

.71

-.58

(11)

As a result of depression, people may move more slowly or be completely restless

.84

.36

.17

.73

-1.9

(12)

Psychologists can prescribe antidepressants

.68

.47

.42

.72

-.77

(13)

Depression can be accompanied by changes in thinking and perception (e.g. brooding)

.95

.21

.21

.73

-4.36

(14)

Most people with depression need to be admitted to hospital

.95

.21

.29

.72

-4.36

(15)

Depression always has several causes

.59

.49

-.02

.75

-.36

(16)

Increasing positive activities (e.g. exercise, socializing) should be an integral part of any depression treatment

.90

.30

.17

.73

-2.72

(17)

For depression, counselling is as effective as cognitive behavioural therapy

.29

.45

.28

.73

.95

(18)

For mild to moderate depression, cognitive behavioural therapy is the treatment of choice

.47

.50

.23

.73

.22

(19)

People with depression have negative thoughts, which can also take the form of suicidal thoughts

.98

.14

.21

.73

-7.05

(20)

People with depression should stop taking antidepressants as soon as they feel better

.76

.43

.39

.72

-1.22

(21)

Antidepressants are addictive

.51

.50

.46

.71

-.02

(22)

Antidepressants usually work immediately

.72

.45

.44

.72

-.99