Actions speak louder than words: modifications of the applied academic books and their reflections on students’ academic success, academic enjoyment, and academic resilience

Table 2 Independent samples T test (Pretests of AS, AE, and AR)

		Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances		t-test for Equality of Means
		F	Sig.	t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Std. Error Difference
SAS Pre	Equal variances assumed	2.277	0.135	1.622	77	0.109	6.12179	3.77393
SAS Pre	Equal variances not assumed			1.638	50.751	0.108	6.12179	3.73839
R Pre	Equal variances assumed	0.055	0.815	-1.403	77	0.165	-7.58013	5.40157
R Pre	Equal variances not assumed			-1.402	75.862	0.165	-7.58013	5.40829
AE Pre	Equal variances assumed	37.044	0.000	-1.120	77	0.266	-7.37756	6.58994
AE Pre	Equal variances not assumed			-1.129	54.089	0.264	-7.37756	6.53351

A look at the Sig. (2-tailed) column in Table 2 shows that all the p values are higher than 0.05; Therefore, the researchers concluded that no statistical differences existed between the groups before administering the treatment

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