Table 2 Characteristics of included studies
First Author/date of publication / Country | Type of clinical trial | Sample size | Age of participants (Years) | BMI (kg/m2) | Gestational age at delivery (Weeks) | Number (Percent) of nulliparous women | Intervention | Comparison | Outcomes | Outcome measurement | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kanyeki et al. 2022/ East Africa | RCT | Video group: 21 Control group: 16 | 35.2 ± 6.12 | NR | NR | 3.0 (14.3) | The video was a 7.55-minute film that featured actors who were residents and theatre staff. It was filmed in the university hospital theatres with the intention of creating a sense of familiarity for patients. The video underwent careful editing to include a running commentary of the events, providing an overview of common risks and anticipated outcomes of a successful block. It specifically focused on addressing the typical concerns expressed by patients regarding spinal anesthesia, which were identified through a comprehensive literature review in addition to the standard pre-anesthetic review | Standard pre anaesthetic review | Preoperative anxiety | STAI | There was no statistically significant difference in change of anxiety score between the video and control groups |
Eley et al. 2013/ Australia | RCT | Video group: 52 Control group: 58 | 31.1 ± 5.0 | 26.1 ± 4.9 | 39.0 ± 0.8 | 15.0 (29.0) | The video lasted four and a half minutes and effectively utilized actors and a narrative to portray a typical patient journey. It began with the administration of ranitidine in the holding bay and concluded with the patient’s arrival in the post-anesthetic care unit. The primary objective of the video was not to provide detailed information about the surgical process. Instead, it employed animations to explain the basic anatomy of neuraxial anesthesia. The video featured explanations and demonstrations of various aspects, including the insertion of the intravenous cannula, patient positioning for neuraxial anesthesia, insertion of the neuraxial anesthetic, and the use of patient monitoring. Additionally, it offered descriptions of common sensations experienced after neuraxial anesthesia for a cesarean section. However, the video did not address the risks and side effects associated with neuraxial anesthesia, as its main focus was to showcase the usual care process | underwent usual care only | Preoperative anxiety Post-operative satisfaction | STAI MSSCS | There was statistically significant difference in change of anxiety score between the video and control groups There was no statistically significant difference in change of satisfaction score between the video and control groups |
Miremberg et al. 2022/ Israel | RCT | Video group: 64 Control group: 68 | 30.±6.1 | 27.3 ± 4.6 | 38.5 ± 0.8 | 41(64.1) | A 4-minute video was created to encompass real-life images that portrayed all aspects of a cesarean delivery. It comprehensively covered the entire process, starting from the patient’s admission to the hospital and introducing the medical staff they are likely to encounter, such as midwives, anesthesiologists, and obstetricians. The video showcased various procedures, including intravenous line insertions, preoperative medical treatment, and scenes from the operating room and postoperative recovery room until the patient’s discharge from the hospital. To enhance understanding, animations were incorporated to demonstrate neuraxial anesthesia and illustrate the location of the surgical incision. The information presented in the video was based on the expertise of healthcare providers who aimed to address frequently asked questions by mothers. By offering both routine medical service and educational support, the video sought to provide comprehensive assistance | Received standard of care | preoperative anxiety Post-operative satisfaction | STAI 4-point Likert scale | There was statistically significant difference in change of anxiety score between the video and control groups There was no statistically significant difference in change of satisfaction score between the video and control groups |
Noben et al. 2019/ Netherlands | RCT | Video group: 49 Control group: 48 97 | 32.6 ± 3.6 | 25.6 ± 4.8 | 39.0 ± 0.7 | 25(51) | The 4.45-minute 360° virtual reality video offered a comprehensive perspective on various aspects of a cesarean delivery, providing viewers with a detailed understanding of the entire process. It commenced with the patient’s admission to the ward and seamlessly transitioned to scenes within the operating room. The video effectively showcased the precise placement of spinal analgesia and captured the poignant moment when the gynecologist lifted the baby above the sterile environment during birth. It is worth noting that the video adhered to the highest standard of care. However, it deliberately abstained from including any surgical content that would explicitly show the specific area of incision | Received standard of care | Preoperative anxiety | VAS | There was no statistically significant difference in change of anxiety score between the video and control groups There was no statistically significant difference in change of satisfaction score between the video and control groups |
Che et al. 2020/ China | RCT | Video group: 61 Control group: 60 121 | 27.8 ± 4.3 | 29.9 ± 3.9 | 39.03 ± 0.6 | 37(61) | The 8.5-minute video provided a real-life depiction of the process of administering elective cesarean anesthesia. It followed expectant mothers from preoperative visits with anesthesiologists to the operating room and highlighted the responsibilities of anesthesiologists in ensuring safety. The video showcased nurses opening intravenous channels, anesthesiologists administering anesthesia, and the subsequent return to the ward after the cesarean section. It emphasized the use of equipment and rescue medicine and addressed important aspects such as preoperative and intraoperative rights of mothers and the after-effects of anesthesia. Notably, the video did not include information about the risks of intraspinal anesthesia, surgical procedure details, or graphic images | Received standard of care | Preoperative anxiety, Post-operative satisfaction | STAI MSSCS | There was statistically significant difference in change of anxiety score between the video and control groups There was statistically significant difference in change of satisfaction score between the video and control groups |
Yilmaz et al. 2019/ Turkey | RCT | Video group: 55 Control group: 51 106 | 31.2 ± 5.3 | 31.5 ± 5.8 | NR | NR | The patients received multimedia education by watching a 4-minute and 15-second information video about general anesthesia on a personal computer equipped with headphones. The video offered a comprehensive explanation of the procedure, including detailed information about the associated risks and benefits. Furthermore, an anesthesiologist accompanied the patients and provided brief verbal information in conjunction with the video | In addition to the Solely brief verbal information | Preoperative anxiety Post-operative satisfaction | STAI 5-point Likert scale | There was statistically significant difference in change of satisfaction score between the video and control groups There was statistically significant difference in change of satisfaction score between the video and control groups |
Purcell-Jones et al. 2019/ South Africa | Non-RCT | Video group: 83 Control group: 92 175 | 31.5 ± 5.2 | NR | NR | NR | The video had a duration of 3 min and portrayed the experience of a Xhosa woman undergoing a spinal anesthetic for her cesarean delivery. The narration in the video was primarily conducted by a Xhosa-speaking nurse. Additionally, a segment of the video featured the patient herself describing her personal experience with the spinal anesthesia. This was incorporated alongside verbal explanations of the spinal anesthesia procedure | “They received the “usual care” verbal explanations of their spinal anesthesia” | Preoperative anxiety Post-operative satisfaction | NVAAS MSSCS | There was statistically significant difference in change of anxiety score between the video and control groups There was no statistically significant difference in change of anxiety score between the video and control groups |
Rabiei et al. 2017/ Iran | RCT | Video group: 81 Control group: 81 162 | 27.8 ± 4.54 | 23.9 ± 4.4 | 38.6 ± 2.2 | 39(48) | The intervention group was provided with a 12-minute video created by the research team, which they watched on the day prior to their operation. This video encompassed detailed explanations about the surgical procedure, various types of anesthesia, essential pre- and post-operative care requirements, as well as information about the hospital environment. At the Persian Gulf Hospital in Bushehr, it was a standard procedure to offer this video to patients the night before their operation, in addition to providing regular care | No intervention | Preoperative anxiety | APAIS | There was statistically significant difference in change of anxiety score between the video and control groups |
Singh et al. 2023/ West Indies | RCT | Video group: 40 Control group: 40 80 | 32.0 ± 6.14 | NR | NR | NR | The ten-minute educational anesthetic video offered a comprehensive overview of a patient’s journey, starting from their arrival at the operating theatre and concluding with their discharge from the recovery room. It encompassed various essential topics, including the operating theatre environment, the neuraxial technique, patient monitoring throughout the surgical procedure, the correct positioning for the neuraxial block, the advantages associated with a neuraxial block, potential complications, and the perioperative period leading up to discharge. Notably, the video incorporated real-life images of a patient undergoing a spinal anesthetic for a cesarean section, emphasizing that proper informed consent was obtained | No educational video | Preoperative anxiety Post-operative satisfaction | STAI MSSCS | There was statistically significant difference in change of anxiety and post-operative satisfaction score between the video and control groups |