Table 4 Descriptive statistics and differences in study variables according to balanced time perspective
|  |  |  |  |  | BTP (n = 469) | Not BTP (n = 719) |  | Cohen’s | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | Skew | Kurtosis | M | SD | M | SD | t | d | |
Future | 3.84 | 0.67 | -0.35 | -0.15 | 4.00 | 0.55 | 3.73 | 0.72 | 7.23** | 0.42 |
Past-positive | 4.08 | 0.71 | -0.79 | 0.50 | 4.19 | 0.55 | 4.01 | 0.78 | 4.48** | 0.27 |
Present-hedonistic | 3.41 | 0.78 | -0.17 | -0.15 | 3.09 | 0.61 | 3.61 | 0.81 | -12.59** | 0.73 |
Present-fatalistic | 2.24 | 0.83 | 0.45 | -0.18 | 1.97 | 0.63 | 2.41 | 0.90 | -9.98** | 0.57 |
Past-negative | 2.93 | 0.93 | 0.14 | -0.55 | 2.30 | 0.54 | 3.34 | 0.89 | -25.20** | 1.41 |
Deviation from BTP | 2.13 | 0.78 | 0.50 | 0.09 | 1.60 | 0.50 | 2.47 | 0.73 | -24.35** | 1.39 |
Competence NS | 3.77 | 0.70 | -0.52 | 0.58 | 3.87 | 0.63 | 3.71 | 0.74 | 4.09** | 0.23 |
General autonomy NS | 3.67 | 0.89 | -0.39 | -0.25 | 3.79 | 0.80 | 3.59 | 0.94 | 3.81** | 0.23 |
Academic autonomy NS | 2.30 | 0.95 | 0.41 | -0.50 | 2.24 | 0.93 | 2.33 | 0.96 | -1.67 | 0.10 |
Relatedness NS | 4.01 | 0.68 | -0.74 | 0.86 | 4.07 | 0.61 | 3.97 | 0.71 | 2.64** | 0.15 |
BPNS (average) | 3.59 | 0.56 | -0.30 | 0.48 | 3.65 | 0.49 | 3.55 | 0.60 | 3.31** | 0.18 |
Decisional procrastination | 2.66 | 0.85 | 0.23 | -0.40 | 2.44 | 0.74 | 2.81 | 0.88 | -7.83** | 0.46 |
Implemental delay | 2.98 | 0.86 | 0.08 | -0.41 | 2.79 | 0.82 | 3.10 | 0.85 | -6.26** | 0.37 |
Lateness | 2.24 | 0.77 | 0.45 | -0.23 | 2.04 | 0.68 | 2.37 | 0.81 | -7.70** | 0.44 |
Pure procrastination | 2.62 | 0.67 | 0.19 | -0.35 | 2.42 | 0.60 | 2.76 | 0.69 | -8.90** | 0.53 |