Table 3 Descriptive Statistics of the FES Items, Factor Loads, and Adjusted Item Total Correlation Scores for an alternative two-factor model with 1 correlated pair of residuals (M4)

1. I am most afraid of earthquakes.

3.63

0.069

0.712

−0.516

−0.663

0.744

2. It makes me uncomfortable to think about earthquakes.

3.72

0.074

0.691

−0.709

−0.659

0.721

3. My hands become clammy when I think about earthquakes.

2.19

0.074

0.697

0.856

−0.386

0.776

4. I am afraid of losing my life because of an earthquake.

3.16

0.081

0.667

−0.102

−1.292

0.770

5. When watching news and stories about earthquakes on social media, I become nervous or anxious.

3.66

0.072

0.631

−0.608

−0.726

0.722

6. I cannot sleep because I’m worrying about getting an earthquake.

2.14

0.071

0.770

0.834

−0.353

0.857

7. My heart races or palpitates when I think about getting an earthquake.

2.41

0.077

0.752

0.593

−0.809

0.841