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Table 1 Descriptive data for sample regarding baseline characters, and other potential confoundersa

From: Association between the starting age of non-parental Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC), and psycho-social problems in adolescence in West and East Germany – a natural experiment using data from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)

Character/Confounder

Category

Mean (Standard Deviation) / Number (%)

  

Total (n = 1022)

West Germany (n = 621)

East Germany (n = 401)

Age

 

14.4 (0.03)

14.4 (0.03)

14.4 (0.06)

Gender

Female

542 (47.6)

329 (47.4)

213 (48.2)

 

Male

480 (52.4)

292 (52.6)

188 (51.8)

ECEC-start-age group

Below age 1

144 (10.3)

45 (7.3)

99 (22.9)

 

Age 1–2

214 (13.4)

41 (6.1)

173 (43.9)

 

Age 2–3

366 (41.1)

261 (44.3)

105 (27.9)

 

Age 3 + and before schooling

205 (22.4)

185 (26.7)

20 (4.2)

 

Only cared in Family before schooling

93 (12.8)

89 (15.6)

4 (1.1)

Psycho-social problems

SDQ Total Score

7.4 (0.20)

7.4 (0.24)

7.5 (0.27)

 

Externalizing psycho-social problems

4.4 (0.14)

4.4 (0.17)

4.3 (0.15)

 

Internalizing psycho-social problems

3.1 (0.11)

3.1 (0.13)

3.1 (0.18)

Social Economic Status

Low

93 (16.5)

47 (15.4)

46 (20.8)

 

Middle

608 (57.3)

365 (57.5)

243 (56.3)

 

High

314 (25.2)

203 (25.9)

111 (22.6)

 

Missing

7 (1.0)

6 (1.2)

1 (0.4)

Migrant Status

Non-migrant

927 (83.3)

540 (81.6)

387 (90.1)

 

Migrant

88 (16.0)

78 (17.8)

10 (8.5)

 

Missing

7 (0.7)

3 (0.5)

4 (1.3)

Number of older siblings

0

206 (20.7)

132 (21.4)

74 (17.7)

 

1

384 (37.3)

252 (38.4)

132 (32.7)

 

2

127 (14.0)

86 (15.0)

41 (10.2)

 

3 and more

45 (3.9)

26 (4.0)

19 (3.6)

 

Missing

260 (24.1)

125 (21.3)

135 (35.8)

Family situation (With whom the child live together primarily?)

Natural parents in a joint household

910 (86.3)

572 (88.6)

338 (76.6)

 

Mother or father with their own partner

25 (2.2)

9 (1.6)

16 (4.9)

 

Mother or father without partner

73 (10.4)

36 (9.2)

37 (15.4)

 

Others (grandparents etc.)

6 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

6 (1.7)

 

Missing

8 (0.8)

4 (0.7)

4 (1.3)

Family cohesion

Min-<=20th Percentile

203 (21.0)

125 (20.4)

78 (23.1)

 

20th - <=40th Percentile

205 (20.5)

134 (21.5)

71 (16.3)

 

40th - <=60th Percentile

249 (23.6)

149 (24.0)

100 (21.8)

 

60th - <=80th Percentile

189 (15.6)

109 (14.6)

80 (19.8)

 

80th Percentile-Max

139 (14.1)

77 (13.7)

62 (15.7)

 

Missing

37 (5.3)

27 (5.7)

10 (3.2)

Parents’ Divorce

Did

165 (16.7)

83 (15.0)

82 (23.0)

Birth weight

< 2500 g

57 (5.2)

28 (4.8)

29 (6.8)

 

>=2500 g and < 4000 g

811 (78.8)

488 (78.0)

323 (81.8)

 

>=4000 g

136 (12.9)

90 (13.5)

46 (10.6)

 

Missing

18 (3.1)

15 (3.7)

3 (0.8)

Obesity/Overweight

Obesity

22 (2.0)

14 (2.2)

8 (1.4)

 

Overweight but not obesity

59 (6.4)

37 (6.8)

22 (4.8)

 

Neither obesity nor overweight

927 (89.5)

559 (88.7)

368 (92.6)

 

Missing

14 (2.1)

11 (2.3)

3 (1.2)

Age of mother at childbirth

Till 24 years old

134 (17.1)

68 (15.4)

66 (23.8)

 

25–29 years old

279 (25.2)

136 (23.5)

143 (32.1)

 

30–34 years old

374 (35.5)

247 (36.8)

127 (30.1)

 

35 + years old

212 (19.9)

158 (22.1)

54 (10.8)

 

Missing

23 (2.3)

12 (2.1)

11 (3.2)

Employment status of mother

Full-time employed

194 (13.2)

53 (8.1)

141 (34.7)

 

Part-time employed

382 (36.8)

253 (37.7)

129 (33.0)

 

Unemployed

432 (47.7)

304 (51.6)

128 (31.4)

 

Missing

14 (2.3)

11 (2.7)

3 (0.9)

Region (East/West Germany)

West Germany

621 (80.7)

  
 

East Germany (including Berlin)

401 (19.3)

  

Schooling typeb

Academic secondary school preparing for university

467 (38.0)

270 (36.3)

197 (45.3)

 

Secondary school preparing for vocational training in trade

235 (24.0)

157 (25.4)

78 (18.4)

 

Secondary general school preparing for vocational training in crafts

36 (5.9)

29 (7.0)

7 (1.5)

 

Comprehensive school

133 (16.4)

88 (16.6)

45 (15.6)

 

Secondary school preparing for vocational training in trade and crafts

98 (8.7)

39 (7.4)

59 (13.8)

 

Others

35 (4.9)

23 (4.9)

12 (4.5)

 

Missing

18 (2.1)

15 (2.4)

3 (0.8)

  1. aThe weighted means and percentages have been listed. Data of age, type of schooling, and parental divorce were assessed at wave 2; ECEC-start-age was derived using data from Baseline wave and wave 1; all the other data in this table were collected at baseline wave
  2. bSchooling type in Germany:
  3.  Academic secondary school preparing for university (Gymnasium) is the highest form of secondary education and aims to prepare students for continued university education. The curriculum at a Gymnasium has an academic focus, with a minimum of two foreign languages, higher math, and science courses, with the goal to reach the university level
  4.  Secondary school preparing for vocational training in trade (Realschule) offers mid-level education. It is more challenging than the Hauptschule, but a step lower than the Gymnasium. The Realschule prepares students with practical and theoretical knowledge for their future professional life. Students usually have the option to choose a focus area, such as an additional foreign language or science subject
  5.  Secondary general school preparing for vocational training in crafts (Hauptschule) offers the lowest, least demanding learning level in the German education system. It is a choice for pupils who want to continue their education with an apprenticeship in crafts
  6.  Comprehensive school (Gesamtschule) combines all three tracks of school education (Gymnasium, Realschule and Hauptschule) in one comprehensive school, making it easier to switch tracks if necessary
  7.  Secondary school preparing for vocational training in trade and crafts (Haupt-und Realschule) combines Realschule and Hauptschule in one school
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BMC Psychology

ISSN: 2050-7283

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