Table 1 List of model constructs and items

Communication

CMU1

I can get closer to people I don’t see often through mobile apps.

[109]

CMU2

I can meet various people through mobile apps.

CMU3

Through mobile apps, I can have a conversation with people I meet for the first time.

Positive

Affect

POA1

I am passionate while using mobile apps.

[97]

POA2

I am proud while using mobile apps.

POA3

I get inspiration while using mobile apps.

Negative

Affect

NEA1

I suffer while using mobile apps.

[97]

NEA2

I get angry while using mobile apps.

NEA3

I feel annoyed while using mobile apps.

Flow

FLW1

While using mobile apps, my attention was focused solely on them.

[110]

FLW2

I was completely focused while using mobile apps.

FLW3

I was deeply immersed in mobile apps while using them.

Perceived

Enjoyment

PEN1

It is fun to use mobile apps.

[60]

PEN2

Using mobile apps is interesting.

PEN3

Using mobile apps gives me pleasure.

Habit

HAB1

I use mobile apps to kill time.

[22]

HAB2

I habitually use mobile apps whenever I have spare time.

HAB3

I use mobile apps to relieve boredom.

Addiction

ADD1

I was immersed in mobile apps and experienced a decrease in conversations when meeting people.

[111]

ADD2

As I used mobile apps, the emotional and affectionate emotions of the past decreased.