Table 1 Operationalizations of compulsivity.

1. Cognitive/attentional hijacking or interference caused by activity-related thoughts or images

2. Insuperable urge compelling the individual towards the activity that jeopardizes the ability to control it

3. Behavior continuance despite awareness of imbalance between harm and reward

4. Inability to interrupt the problematic behavior once initiated, resulting in sessions lasting longer than planned (binging)

5. Automatic behavior triggered by cues in absence of declarative instrumental goals (habit)

6. Inflexible or stereotyped behaviors or rituals regarding completion or execution of parts of the activity