Table 3 The Effects (standard errors) of variables in ML-SEM model

Within Level

Education

0.008

0.039

0.217

0.828

− 0.057;0.073

-0.041

0.028

-1.433

0.152

− 0.090;0.008

Gender

-0.149

0.038

-3.895

0.000***

− 0.214; − 0.084

0.040

0.057

0.701

0.483

− 0.055;0.135

HE

0.024

0.059

0.408

0.684

− 0.069;0.117

-0.008

0.060

-0.131

0.896

− 0.103;0.087

DM

-0.291

0.175

-1.669

0.095

− 0.520; − 0.062

0.342

0.221

1.548

0.122

0.064;0.620

TM

0.176

0.188

0.938

0.348

− 0.083;0.435

-0.227

0.309

-0.734

0.463

− 0.626;0.172

PC

0.071

0.037

1.935

0.053

0.011;0.131

-0.026

0.040

-0.667

0.505

− 0.093;0.041

TR×HE

-0.100

0.165

-0.607

0.544

− 0.320;0.120

0.088

0.279

0.317

0.751

− 0.287;0.463

TR×DM

-0.201

0.153

-1.313

0.189

− 0.418;0.016

0.051

0.194

0.264

0.792

− 0.194;0.296

TR×TM

0.126

0.122

1.029

0.304

− 0.052;0.304

-0.178

0.146

-1.218

0.223

− 0.384;0.028

TR×PC

0.116

0.036

3.200

0.001***

0.056;0.176

0.232

0.044

5.226

0.000***

0.159;0.305

Anxiety

0.200

0.061

3.269

0.001***

0.099;0.301

0.117

0.044

2.684

0.007**

0.045;0.189

Between Level

HE

0.685

0.340

2.015

0.044*

0.019;1.351

0.133

1.123

0.118

0.906

-1.750;2.016

DM

0.646

0.753

0.857

0.391

− 0.579;1.871

-0.795

1.006

-0.790

0.429

-1.793;0.203

TM

-0.715

1.045

-0.685

0.493

-2.152;0.722

1.416

1.451

0.976

0.329

0.186;2.646

PC

0.046

0.544

0.084

0.933

-1.358;1.450

-0.805

0.242

-3.326

0.000***

-1.279; − 0.331

TR×HE

0.347

0.759

0.457

0.648

− 0.719;1.413

-0.577

0.908

-0.635

0.525

-2.075;0.921

TR×DM

0.345

1.482

0.233

0.816

− 0.826;1.516

-0.455

1.960

-0.232

0.816

-1.787;0.877

TR×TM

0.443

0.635

0.697

0.486

− 0.231;1.117

-0.677

0.860

-0.787

0.431

-1.446;0.092

TR×PC

0.614

1.085

0.566

0.572

− 0.431;1.659

-0.721

1.727

-0.417

0.676

-2.450;1.008

Anxiety

-0.189

1.355

-0.140

0.889

-1.035;0.657

0.269

2.164

0.124

0.901

-1.040;1.578