Table 3 Multigroup invariance according to gender of the proposed model
Multigroup invariance | χ2 | DF | Δβ | Δp | Interpretation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall test | Without restrictions | 2132.289 | 74,325 | |||
Constrained | 2140.737 | 8653 | ||||
Difference | 8.448 | 65,672 | ||||
P-value | 1.000 | The p-value of the chi-square difference test is not significant; interpret local tests with caution. | ||||
Route name | β Male | β Female | Δβ | Δp | Interpretation | |
Local tests | F3 → F1. | 0.272** | 0,397*** | -0.125 | 1.000 | No difference. |
F4 → F1. | -0.155 | -0.394*** | 0.239 | 1.000 | The negative relationship between F1 and F4 is only significant for Female. | |
F3 → F2. | 0.378*** | 0.371*** | 0.007 | 1.000 | No difference. | |
F4 → F2. | -0.173† | -0.075 | -0.098 | 1.000 | The negative relationship between F2 and F4 is only significant for Male. | |
F1 → F2. | 0.046 | 0.262*** | -0.216 | 1.000 | The positive relationship between F2 and F1 is only significant for Female. | |