Table 3 Logistic regression examining ethnicity as a risk factor for gambling disorder when controlling for age, sex, citizenship, and years of residency in Norway. Here showing the Gambling Disorder group compared to the Norwegian Patient Registry control group and the Gambling Disorder group compared to the Norwegian Social Insurance (FD-trygd) Database control group

Age

0.000

0.002

0.001

1.000

0.995–1.004

0.008

0.003

10.034

1.008**

1.003–1.013

Sex

Female

− 0.041

0.040

1.024

0.960

0.887–1.039

− 0.045

0.040

1.262

0.956

0.884–1.034

Citizenship

Norwegian

1.604

0.080

405.340

4.973***

4.254–5.813

1.060

0.081

172.651

2.886***

2.464–3.380

Years of residency in Norway

− 0.004

0.002

2.862

0.996

0.992–1.001

0.006

0.002

6.887

1.006**

1.002–1.011

Country of birth¹

Asia

0.165

0.083

3.981

1.179*

1.003–1.387

0.545

0.087

39.401

1.724***

1.454–2.043

Europe excluding

the Nordic countries

− 0.065

0.098

0.448

0.937

0.774–1.134

0.233

0.101

5.352

1.262*

1.036–1.537

Nordic countries

0.441

0.116

14.576

1.554***

1.239–1.949

1.166

0.122

90.988

3.208***

2.525–4.076

Africa

0.082

0.115

0.507

1.085

0.866–1.360

0.476

0.119

15.932

1.610***

1.274–2.034

North America

− 0.648

0.291

4.945

0.523*

0.295–0.926

− 0.187

0.296

0.398

0.830

0.464–1.482

South and Central

America

0.160

0.189

0.719

1.174

0.811–1.699

0.359

0.190

3.579

1.432

0.987–2.078

Oceania

− 0.589

0.726

0.658

0.555

0.134–2.303

− 0.169

0.734

0.053

0.845

0.200–3.563