Table 1 Demographics and CSAT scores of participants

Age

22.8 ± 3.0

21.2 ± 2.1

t = 4.77

d = 0.63

< 0.001

Gender (male/female)

59/43

44/76

χ² = 9.94

φ = 0.21

0.002

Academic year

3.7 ± 1.6

2.3 ± 1.2

t = 7.24

d = 0.97

< 0.001

CSAT level

Korean

1.2 ± 0.5

2.4 ± 1.3

t=-8.56

d = 1.30

< 0.001

Mathematics

1.2 ± 0.5

2.4 ± 1.4

t=-8.04

d = 1.22

< 0.001

English

1.1 ± 0.6

2.1 ± 1.0

t=-7.84

d = 1.15

< 0.001

Science or social studies (1)

1.3 ± 0.6

2.2 ± 1.2

t=-6.52

d = 0.98

< 0.001

Science or social studies (2)

1.5 ± 0.7

2.4 ± 1.3

t=-6.26

d = 0.94

< 0.001

Current academic performance

3.3 ± 0.9

3.6 ± 0.8

t=-2.74

d = 0.38

0.007