Table 3 Intervention effects of different quantitative characteristics on executive function
Quantitative characteristics | Categories | Outcome variables | Heterogeneity test | Combined effects test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 | P | SMD | 95%CI | Z | P | |||
Cycle | Acute | Inhibitory control | 95.9% | < 0.001 | -0.886 | (-1.400, -0.332) | 3.18 | 0.001 |
|  |  | Working memory | 97.0% | < 0.001 | -0.753 | (-1.524, 0.019) | 1.91 | 0.056 |
|  |  | Cognitive flexibility | 96.0% | < 0.001 | -0.717 | (-1.165, -0.269) | 4.00 | < 0.001 |
|  | Long-term | Inhibitory control | 82.9% | < 0.001 | -0.612 | (-0.890, -0.334) | 4.31 | < 0.001 |
|  |  | Working memory | 89.7% | < 0.001 | -0.579 | (-0.870, -0.288) | 3.90 | < 0.001 |
|  |  | Cognitive flexibility | 92.9% | < 0.001 | -0.075 | (-1.524, 0.019) | 3.14 | 0.002 |
Intensity | Low | Inhibitory control | 86.4% | < 0.001 | -1.827 | (-3.113, -0.540) | 2.78 | 0.005 |
|  |  | Working memory | — | — | -1.649 | (-2.248, -1.050) | 5.40 | < 0.001 |
|  |  | Cognitive flexibility | — | — | 0.312 | (-0.206, 0.831) | 1.18 | 0.238 |
|  | Moderate | Inhibitory control | 95.3% | < 0.001 | -0.851 | (-1.304, -0.399) | 3.69 | < 0.001 |
|  |  | Working memory | 96.3% | < 0.001 | -0.892 | (-1.433, -0.351) | 3.23 | 0.001 |
|  |  | Cognitive flexibility | 94.1% | < 0.001 | -1.394 | (-1.867, -0.920) | 5.77 | < 0.001 |
|  | Vigorous | Inhibitory control | 94.5% | < 0.001 | -0.421 | (-1.218, 0.375) | 1.04 | 0.300 |
|  |  | Working memory | 98.0% | < 0.001 | -1.382 | (-3.046, 0.281) | 1.63 | 0.103 |
|  |  | Cognitive flexibility | 97.3% | < 0.001 | -0.992 | (-2.367, 0.384) | 1.41 | 0.158 |