A meta-analysis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to evaluate the psychological consequences of COVID-19

Sokouti, Massoud; Shafiee-Kandjani, Ali Reza; Sokouti, Mohsen; Sokouti, Babak

doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01313-0

BMC Psychology

Table 3 Heterogeneity subgroup meta-analysis of anxiety, distress, depression, sleep problem, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disease (PTSD) based on continents in the 11 studies

From: A meta-analysis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to evaluate the psychological consequences of COVID-19

Anxiety	Continent	Q _Ame = 398.3189	df = 12	P < 0.001	I² = 96.99
		Q _Afr = 0	df = 0	P = 1	I² = 0
		Q _Asi = 9.8038*10⁴	df = 270	P < 0.001	I² = 99.73
		Q_Eur = 1.5539*10³	df = 20	P < 0.001	I² = 98.71
		Q _within = 9.9990*10⁴	df = 302	P < 0.001	I² = 99.70
		Q _between = 1.594	df = 3	P = 0.661
		Q _overall = 1.0146*10⁵	df = 305	P < 0.001	I² = 99.70
Distress	Continent	Q _Asi = 3.2398*10³	df = 14	P < 0.001	I² = 99.57
		Q _Eur = 132.244	df = 5	P < 0.001	I² = 96.22
		Q _Ame = 0	df = 0	P = 1	I² = 0
		Q _Within = 3.3721*10³	df = 19	P < 0.001	I² = 99.44
		Q _between = 5.124	df = 2	P = 0.077
		Q _overall = 3.4582*10³	df = 21	P < 0.001	I² = 99.39
Depression	Continent	Q _Ame = 237.97	df = 10	P<0.001	I² = 95.80
		Q _Eur = 1.130*10³	df = 19	P<0.001	I² = 99.32
		Q _Asi = 9.7946*10⁴	df = 226	P<0.001	I² = 99.77
		Q _Afr = 0	df = 0	P = 1	I² = 0
		Q _within = 9.9314 *10 ⁴	df = 255	P<0.001	I² = 99.74
		Q _between = 2.884	df = 2	P = 0.410
		Q _overall = .0244*10⁵	df = 3	P = 0.012	I² = 72.418
Sleep Problem	Continent	Q_Asi = 9.8119*10⁴	df = 132	P < 0.001	I² = 99.87
		Q_Eur = 4.9220*10⁴	df = 43	P < 0.001	I² = 99.91
		Q _Afr = 523.5537	df = 7	P < 0.001	I² = 98.66
		Q_eAme = 1.4416*10³	df = 15	P < 0.001	I² = 98.96
		Q _within = 1.4930*10⁵	df = 197	P < 0.001	I² = 99.87
		Q_between = 37.629	df = 3	P < 0.001
		Q_overall = 1.7992*10⁵	df = 200	P < 0.001	I² = 99.87
Insomnia	Continent	Q _Asi = 2.2492*10³	df = 20	P < 0.001	I² = 99.11
		Q_Eur = 3.1914*10³	df = 3	P < 0.001	I² = 99.91
		Q _within = 1.936	df = 23	P < 0.001	I² = 99.58
		Q _between = 1.936	df = 1	P = 0.164
		Q _overall = 6.7152*10³	df = 24	P < 0.001	I² = 99.64
PTSD	continent	Q _Asi = 2.974910*³	df = 18	P < 0.001	I² = 99.40
		Q _Eur = 903/159	df = 11	P < 0.001	I² = 98.78
		Q _Ame = 5.336	df = 3	P = 0.149
		Q _within = 3.883410*³	df = 32	P < 0.001	I² = 99.18
		Q _between = 0.993	df = 2	P = 0.609
		Q _overall = 4.086410*³	df = 34	P < 0.001	I² = 99.17

Asi Asia, Eur Europe, Ame America, Afr Africa, df degree of freedom

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