Table 2 Subgroup random meta-analysis of anxiety, depression, sleep problem, insomnia, distress, post-traumatic stress disease (PTSD) based on continents in 11 studies

Anxiety

Continent

ER = 0.318

LL = 0.294

UL = 0.345

P < 0.001

ER_Am = 0.259

LL = 0.163

UL = 0.385

P < 0.001

ER_AS = 0.323

LL = 0.295

UL = 0.351

P < 0.001

ER_EUR = 0.300

LL = 0.210

UL = 0.400

P < 0.001

ER_Afr = 0.47

LL = 0.100

UL = 0.876

P = 0.910

ER_sum = 0.318

LL = 0.294

UL = 0.345

P < 0.001

Depression

Continent

ER = 0.295

LL = 0.270

UL = 0.322

P < 0.001

ER_Am = 0.283

LL = 0.173

UL = 0.426

P = 0.004

ER_AS = 0.300

LL = 0.273

UL = 0.329

P < 0.001

ER_EUR = 0.239

LL = 0.166

UL = 0.331

P < 0.001

ER _Afr = 0.56

LL = 0.148

UL = 0.904

P = 0.813

ERsum = 0.295

LL = 0.270

UL = 0.322

P < 0.001

Sleep problem

Continent

ER = 0.347

LL = 0.318

UL = 0.376

P < 0.001

ER_Am = 0.536

LL = 0.426

UL = 0.643

P = 0.523

ER_As = 0.288

LL = 0.258

UL = 0.321

P < 0.001

ER_EU = 0.451

LL = 0.386

UL = 0.517

P = 0.145

ER_Afr = 0.489

LL = 0.34

UL = 0.64

P = 0.89

ER_sum = 0.347

LL = 0.329

UL = 0.375

P < 0.001

Insomnia

continent

ER = 0.265

LL = 0.205

UL = 0.337

P < 0.001

ER_asi = 0.286

LL = 0.220

UL = 0.362

P < 0.001

ER_EUR = 0.177

LL = 0.088

UL = 0.324

P < 0.001

ER_sum = 0.266

LL = 0.208

UL = 0.333

P < 0.001

Distress

Continent

ER = 0.428

LL = 0.372

UL = 0.485

P = 0.016

ER_Ame = 0.602

LL = 0.336

Ul = 0.819

P = 0.460

ER_ASI = 0.454

LL = 0.385

UL = 0.524

P = 0.199

ER_EUR = 0.332

LL = 0.238

UL = 0.441

P = 0.003

ER_sum = 0.428

LL = 0.372

UL = 0.487

P = 0.016

PTSD

Continent

ER = 0.223

LL = 0.169

UL = 0.290

P < 0.001

ER_Asi = 0.257

LL = 0.166

UL = 0.375

P < 0.001

ER_EUR = 0.191

LL = 0.106

UL = 0.320

P < 0.001

ER_Am = 0.173

LL = 0.059

UL = 0.413

P < 0.001

ER_sum = 0.222

LL = 0.160

UL = 0.300

P < 0.001