The relationship between stigma and psychological distress among people with diabetes: a meta-analysis

BMC Psychology

Table 1 Characteristics of the 19 studies included in the meta-analysis

Author, year	Country	n	Type of diabetes	Female (%)	Age: Mean ± SD	Stigma Scale	Distress Scale	r	Type of stigma
Hansen et al., 2017 [54]	Denmark	1594	1	49.81	49 ± 13.6	DSAS-1	PAID-5	0.51	PES
Alzubaidi et al., 2022 [55]	Arab	327	2	55.96	N/A	DSAS-2	PAID-5	0.38	PES
Browne et al., 2017 [56]	Australia	900	1	59.11	43.87 ± 15.32	DSAS-1	PAID	0.65	PES
Browne et al., 2016 [34]	Australia	1064	2	43.00	61.2 ± 9.4	DSAS-2	PAID	0.69	PES
Li et al., 2022 [57]	China	258	2	51.16	61.98 ± 12.69	SSS	DDS	0.34	SS
Pedrero et al., 2021 [19]	Colombia	501	2	63.30	60 ± 12	DSAS-2	PAID-5	0.20	PES
Potter et al., 2015 [58]	USA	185	2	65.00	55.42 ± 10.1	EDS	PAID	0.38	PES
Hyesun et al., 2022 [35]	Korea	187	All	21.90	62.53 ± 5.2	SSM	PAID	0.71	SS
Puhl et al., 2020 [59]	USA	1227	2	51.40	52.04 ± 14.96	DSAS-2	PAID	0.39	SS
Holmes-Truscott et al., 2020 [38]	Australia	642	2	45.48	61 ± 9.7	DSAS-2	PAID	0.68	PES
Gredig et al., 2016 [17]	Switzerland	3347	All	45.22	64.4 ± N/A	PSM	PAID	0.41	PES
Benioudakis et al., 2022 [60]	Greek	105	1	70.48	34.3 ± 11.1	DSAS-1	DDS	0.44	PES
Polonsky et al., 2021 [36]	USA	599	2	66.78	63 ± 10.5	DDSS	DDS	0.67	SS
Costabile et al., 2020 [61]	USA	399	All	71.68	47.22 ± 14.67	PSM-3	DDS-3	0.29	PES
Wang et al., 2021 [20]	China	193	All	N/A	52.79 ± 8.55	SSS	PAID-S	0.41	SS
Joiner et al., 2022 [62]	USA	517	2	72.34	53.9 ± 10.1	DSAS-2	DDS	0.59	PES
Kong et al., 2022 [21]	China	209	2	N/A	N/A	DSAS-2	DDS	0.38	PES
Li et al., 2021 [33]	China	244	2	41.80	N/A	DSAS-2	DDS	0.69	PES
Xie et al., 2020 [63]	China	279	2	54.12	64.02 ± 9.78	DSAS-2	DDS	0.44	PES

N/A, Not reported; DSAS-1, Type 1 Diabetes Stigma Assessment Scale; DSAS-2, Type 2 Diabetes Stigma Assessment Scale; SSS, Self-Stigma Scale; EDS, Everyday Discrimination Scale; SSM, Self-Stigma Measurement tool; PSM, Perceived Stigma Measurement tool; DDSS, Diabetes-related Emotional Distress Source Scales-shame/stigma; PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes scale; PAID-5, 5-item Problem Areas in Diabetes; DDS, Diabetes Distress Scale; DDS-3,3-item Diabetes Distress Scale; PAID-S, Short-form Problem Areas in Diabetes scale; PES, Perceived and Experienced Stigma; SS, Self-Stigma.

ISSN: 2050-7283