Table 3 Item statistics for reliability analysis: CVR, CVI, and ICC for advantages of white cane use
Item | CVR | CVI | External reliability | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test Mean (SD) | Retest Mean (SD) | ICC | P | |||
1. The white cane is a symbol of blindness/low vision and helps others understand how to treat us | 0.88 | 1 | 4.38 (0.59) | 4.47 (0.60) | 0.75 | 0.001 |
2. I consider the cane as an aid, like glasses | 0.77 | 0.94 | 4.33 (0.79) | 4.47 (0.81) | 0.82 | 0.001 |
3. Using a cane improves the culture of proper treatment of the blind in society | 0.88 | 1 | 3.90 (1.18) | 3.85 (1.19) | 0.88 | |
4. Using a cane, I can appear more often in society | 0.88 | 1 | 4.14 (0.91) | 4.28 (0.78) | 0.75 | 0.001 |
5. Using a cane helps me find my way more easily | 0.88 | 1 | 4.14 (0.91) | 4.33 (0.96) | 0.90 | 0.001 |
6. The white cane helps increase my independence in doing my daily activities | 0.88 | 1 | 4.38 (0.80) | 4.62 (0.74) | 0.76 | 0.001 |
7. I feel more secure with the help of a cane | 1 | 1 | 4.04 (1.24) | 4.19 (1.16) | 0.89 | 0.001 |
8. Using a cane prevents me from falling | 0.77 | 0.94 | 4.04 (1.02) | 4.09 (1.17) | 0.90 | 0.001 |
9. The cane helps me identify the existing obstacles such as stairs, potholes, and ditches | 0.88 | 1 | 4.57 (0.50) | 4.52 (0.60) | 0.44 | 0.021 |
10. Using a cane makes others push/jostle me less | 0.66 | 0.88 | 4.04 (1.02) | 4.14 (0.91) | 0.92 | 0.001 |
11. Using a cane makes me less likely to bump against people | 0.77 | 0.88 | 4.29 (0.96) | 4.09 (1.04) | 0.92 | 0.001 |
12. The cane helps me cross the street | 1 | 1 | 3.66 (1.23) | 3.57 (1.20) | 0.97 | 0.001 |
13. Using a cane helps me maintain a better body posture and alignment | 0.55 | 0.83 | 3.95 (0.92) | 3.61 (1.11) | 0.75 | 0.001 |
14. When I appear in society with a cane, people admire and respect me | 0.55 | 0.94 | 3.14 (1.19) | 3.09 (0.94) | 0.76 | 0.001 |
15. I’m not stressed when I walk with a cane and as a result my self-confidence increases | 0.88 | 1 | 3.90 (0.94) | 3.80 (0.98) | 0.95 | 0.001 |
16. In the event of an accident, using the cane, I will have the protection of the law | 0.88 | 0.94 | 3.66 (1.11) | 3.62 (1.28) | 0.85 | 0.001 |
17. The cane increases my courage to move independently | 0.77 | 0.94 | 4.33 (0.79) | 4.28 (1.10) | 0.77 | 0.001 |
18. I have been used to having a cane since I was a child | 0.66 | 0.88 | 2.14 (1.35) | 2.19 (1.32) | 0.99 | 0.001 |