Table 2 Item statistics for reliability analysis: CVR, CVI, and ICC for disadvantages of white cane use

1. I do not use a cane because of the inappropriate attitude of people

0.88

1

1.96 (1.24)

2.00 (1.22)

0.99

0.001

2. I do not want others to notice my blindness

0.77

1

1.90 (1.13)

1.76 (1.17)

0.95

0.001

3. If I hold a cane, others may feel sorry for me

0.77

0.94

2.57 (1.32)

2.66 (1.42)

0.90

0.001

4. Using a cane hurts my pride

0.77

0.88

2.04 (1.20)

2.09 (1.22)

0.95

0.001

5. Using a cane destroys my dignity and lowers my social status

0.77

0.83

1.80 (1.07)

1.90 (1.09)

0.96

0.001

6. I'm worried that people will abuse me when I hold a cane

0.66

0.88

1.80 (0.75)

1.85 (1.01)

0.79

0.001

7. I'm worried that others will make fun of me when I hold a cane

0.77

0.88

1.85 (1.06)

1.71 (1.00)

0.94

0.001

8. I have not received enough training on moving and wayfinding

1

1

2.81 (1.47)

2.80 (1.40)

0.95

0.001

9. Most people are not familiar enough with the condition of the person holding a white cane

0.77

0.94

3.80 (1.24)

3.90 (1.22)

0.97

0.001

10. My family does not like me holding a cane

1

1

1.85 (1.10)

1.81 (1.07)

0.75

0.001

11. My family prefers me to go out with someone rather than holding a cane

0.88

1

2.57 (1.39)

2.61 (1.53)

0.80

0.001

12. I can easily find my way without a cane

0.88

0.94

2.09 (0.94)

1.71 (0.96)

0.86

0.001

13. I cannot trust the cane in moving and wayfinding

0.55

0.88

2.14 (1.01)

2.28 (1.05)

0.89

0.001

14. Using a cane has little effect on reducing the risk of an accident

0.77

0.94

2.09 (1.18)

2.14 (1.15)

0.95

0.001

15. The cane is an extra and cumbersome tool

0.88

0.88

1.86 (0.91)

2.04(1.24)

0.85

0.001

16. Using a cane does not give me a sense of security

0.66

0.88

2.09 (1.04)

2.19 (1.25)

0.82

0.001

17. I would rather go out with someone than walk alone with a cane

0.88

1

2.42 (1.16)

2.33 (1.23)

0.94

0.001

18. The obstacles and the uneven sidewalks and streets make the use of a cane ineffective for me

0.66

0.88

3.00 (1.26)

2.95 (1.43)

0.88

0.001

19. It is not possible to use a cane in crowded places

0.88

1

2.81 (1.12)

2.86 (1.19)

0.95

0.001

20. Using a cane does not help me much in crossing the street

1

0.94

2.95 (1.39)

2.81 (1.40)

0.86

0.001

21. Using a cane does not affect reducing the number of accidents on the street

0.66

0.94

2.47 (1.21)

2.52 (1.29)

0.98

0.001

22. A cane can only mark obstacles on the ground

0.66

0.88

4.00 (1.22)

3.77 (1.33)

0.88

0.001

23. The canes we use weigh a lot

0.66

0.88

2.57 (1.07)

2.57 (1.02)

0.91

0.001

24. The canes we use are not designed properly

0.77

0.88

2.62 (0.92)

2.90 (1.13)

0.76

0.001

25. The available canes are not foldable or easy to carry

0.55

0.83

2.19 (0.87)

2.47 (1.12)

0.75

0.001

26. I have pain in my wrist when I use a cane

0.55

0.88

2.28 (1.05)

2.24 (1.13)

0.94

0.001