Assessing psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Sleep Quality Questionnaire among healthcare students

Huang, Mengyi; Ma, Haiyan; Spruyt, Karen; Dzierzewski, Joseph M.; Jiang, Chen; He, Jiaxuan; Yang, Nongnong; Ying, Yiwei; Ola, Bolanle Adeyemi; Meng, Runtang

doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01276-2

Table 3 Cross-sectional measurement invariances of the SQQ-9 (N = 595)

From: Assessing psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Sleep Quality Questionnaire among healthcare students

Hypothesis	Baseline							Follow-up
Hypothesis	χ² *(df)*	P	Δχ² *(Δdf)*	CFI	ΔCFI	TLI	RMSEA	χ² *(df)*	P	Δχ² *(Δdf)*	CFI	ΔCFI	TLI	RMSEA
Gender (male vs. female)
Configural	111.148 (52)	< 0.001		0.978		0.969	0.062	95.229 (52)	< 0.001		0.989		0.984	0.053
Metric	150.822 (76)	< 0.001	33.242 (24)	0.972	-0.006	0.973	0.058	109.290 (77)	0.009	20.035 (25)	0.991	0.002	0.992	0.038
Scalar	156.553 (83)	< 0.001	8.266 (7)	0.972	0.000	0.976	0.055	118.074 (84)	0.008	8.439 (7)	0.991	0.000	0.992	0.037
Strict	165.150 (92)	< 0.001	9.936 (9)	0.972	0.000	0.978	0.052	142.833 (93)	0.001	19.219 (9)	0.987	-0.004	0.990	0.043
Age (< 20 years vs. ≥ 20 years)
Configural	112.565 (52)	< 0.001		0.978		0.969	0.063	94.722 (52)	< 0.001		0.989		0.984	0.053
Metric	132.548 (74)	< 0.001	22.035 (22)	0.978	0.000	0.979	0.052	116.055 (77)	0.003	22.204 (25)	0.990	0.001	0.990	0.041
Scalar	136.175 (81)	< 0.001	6.723 (7)	0.980	0.002	0.982	0.048	139.158 (84)	< 0.001	18.447 (7)	0.985	-0.005	0.988	0.047
Strict	157.847 (90)	< 0.001	16.489 (9)	0.975	-0.005	0.980	0.050	140.508 (93)	0.001	4.142 (9)	0.987	0.002	0.990	0.042
Grade (freshmen vs. sophomore vs. junior)
Configural	139.330 (78)	< 0.001		0.978		0.969	0.063	124.259 (78)	0.001		0.987		0.983	0.055
Metric	189.512 (122)	< 0.001	48.25 (44)	0.976	-0.002	0.978	0.053	157.349 (120)	0.013	38.003 (42)	0.990	0.003	0.991	0.040
Scalar	206.646 (136)	< 0.001	17.12 (14)	0.974	-0.002	0.980	0.051	185.991 (134)	0.002	22.742 (14)	0.986	-0.004	0.989	0.044
Strict	233.238 (154)	< 0.001	25.082 (18)	0.971	-0.003	0.980	0.051	209.020 (152)	0.001	22.827 (18)	0.984	-0.002	0.989	0.044
Academic stage (undergraduate vs. postgraduate)
Configural	116.681 (52)	< 0.001		0.975		0.965	0.065	87.935 (52)	0.001		0.990		0.986	0.048
Metric	131.931 (74)	< 0.001	22.768 (22)	0.977	0.002	0.978	0.051	104.062 (73)	0.010	20.579 (21)	0.991	0.001	0.991	0.038
Scalar	129.105 (81)	0.001	6.006 (7)	0.981	0.004	0.983	0.045	105.017 (80)	0.032	6.074 (7)	0.993	0.002	0.994	0.032
Strict	139.436 (90)	0.001	10.624 (9)	0.981	0.000	0.985	0.043	106.547 (89)	0.099	7.634 (9)	0.995	0.002	0.996	0.026
Part-time job (yes vs. no)
Configural	112.565 (52)	< 0.001		0.978		0.969	0.063	87.335 (52)	0.002		0.991		0.987	0.048
Metric	132.548 (74)	< 0.001	22.035 (22)	0.978	0.000	0.979	0.052	110.009 (73)	0.003	22.219 (21)	0.990	-0.001	0.990	0.041
Scalar	136.175 (81)	< 0.001	6.723 (7)	0.980	0.002	0.982	0.048	116.311 (80)	0.005	7.369 (7)	0.990	0.000	0.991	0.039
Strict	157.847 (90)	< 0.001	16.489 (9)	0.975	-0.005	0.980	0.050	160.460 (89)	< 0.001	26.298 (9)	0.981	-0.009	0.985	0.052
Hobby (yes vs. no)
Configural	97.438 (52)	< 0.001		0.983		0.977	0.054	76.544 (52)	0.015		0.993		0.990	0.040
Metric	124.545 (74)	< 0.001	24.819 (22)	0.982	-0.001	0.982	0.048	93.707 (73)	0.052	18.562 (21)	0.994	0.001	0.994	0.031
Scalar	128.679 (81)	0.001	6.301 (7)	0.983	0.001	0.985	0.045	96.786 (80)	0.097	4.983 (7)	0.995	0.001	0.996	0.027
Strict	146.834 (90)	< 0.001	16.169 (9)	0.979	-0.004	0.983	0.046	100.007 (89)	0.200	5.295 (9)	0.997	0.002	0.998	0.020
Stress coping strategy (emotion-focused vs. solution-focused vs. avoidance coping)
Configural	116.077 (78)	0.003		0.983		0.976	0.050	126.775 (78)	< 0.001		0.986		0.980	0.056
Metric	142.304 (116)	0.049	32.913 (38)	0.988	0.005	0.989	0.034	189.980 (116)	< 0.001	49.605 (38)	0.978	-0.008	0.980	0.057
Scalar	157.500 (130)	0.051	14.946 (14)	0.988	0.000	0.990	0.033	205.362 (130)	< 0.001	15.871 (14)	0.978	0.000	0.982	0.054
Strict	183.809 (148)	0.024	21.953 (18)	0.984	-0.004	0.988	0.035	217.174 (148)	< 0.001	16.92 (18)	0.980	0.002	0.985	0.049
GAD-2^a (< 3 vs. ≥ 3)
Configural	113.282 (52)	< 0.001		0.974		0.964	0.063	92.411 (52)	< 0.001		0.988		0.983	0.051
Metric	132.781 (75)	< 0.001	19.698 (23)	0.975	0.001	0.976	0.051	116.848 (75)	0.001	23.6 (23)	0.987	-0.001	0.988	0.043
Scalar	160.990 (82)	< 0.001	17.842 (7)	0.966	-0.009	0.970	0.057	131.597 (82)	< 0.001	11.352 (7)	0.985	-0.002	0.987	0.045
Strict	162.475 (91)	< 0.001	5.622 (9)	0.969	0.003	0.976	0.051	144.219 (91)	< 0.001	12.059 (9)	0.984	-0.001	0.987	0.044
PHQ-2^b (< 3 vs. ≥ 3)
Configural	101.368 (52)	< 0.001		0.978		0.969	0.057	108.828 (52)	< 0.001		0.981		0.974	0.061
Metric	140.574 (74)	< 0.001	30.446 (22)	0.970	-0.008	0.971	0.055	145.843 (74)	< 0.001	29.661 (22)	0.976	-0.005	0.976	0.057
Scalar	152.511 (81)	< 0.001	10.341 (7)	0.968	-0.002	0.971	0.055	155.226 (81)	< 0.001	9.521 (7)	0.975	-0.001	0.978	0.056
Strict	156.096 (90)	< 0.001	7.151 (9)	0.970	0.002	0.976	0.050	166.809 (90)	< 0.001	12.053 (9)	0.974	-0.001	0.979	0.054
SRHQ^c (≤ 4 vs. > 4)
Configural	122.313 (52)	< 0.001		0.970		0.958	0.068	92.377 (52)	< 0.001		0.988		0.984	0.051
Metric	169.709 (75)	< 0.001	42.357 (23)	0.959	-0.011	0.961	0.065	140.478 (74)	< 0.001	43.219 (22)	0.981	-0.007	0.981	0.055
Scalar	185.013 (82)	< 0.001	14.724 (7)	0.955	-0.004	0.961	0.065	147.331 (81)	< 0.001	8.323 (7)	0.981	0.000	0.983	0.053
Strict	199.700 (91)	< 0.001	15.206 (9)	0.953	-0.002	0.963	0.063	158.986 (90)	< 0.001	12.501 (9)	0.980	-0.001	0.984	0.051
Threshold	N/A	> 0.050	N/A	≥ 0.950	≤ 0.010	≥ 0.950	≤ 0.080	N/A	> 0.050	N/A	≥ 0.950	≤ 0.010	≥ 0.950	≤ 0.080

SQQ-9 Sleep Quality Questionnaire (item 2 excluded), χ² chi-square, df degrees of freedom, CFI comparative fit index, TLI Tucker-Lewis index, RMSEA root mean square error of approximation, Δ change in χ², df, and CFI, N/A not applicable, GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder, PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire, SRHQ Self-Rated Health Questionnaire
^aa score of 3 or greater implies possible anxiety symptoms
^ba score of 3 or greater implies possible depressive symptoms
^ca score greater than 4 implies poor self-rated health status (median score as cut point value)

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ISSN: 2050-7283

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