Table 6 Summary of studies on PPI deficit that compared obsessive-compulsive, Tourette and substance-use disorders patients to matched controls
Study | Startle response (SR) | Prepulse inhibition (PPI) | Neurobiology proposed | Cognition proposed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Swerdlow et al. [123] | No differences | OCD > Control: ↓ %PPI | CSPP deficit RT ↓ PPI | Obsessive & compulsive (O-C) symptoms RT ↓ PPI |
Hoenig et al. [126] | No differences | OCD > Control: ↓ %PPI | CSPP deficit RT ↓ PPI | O-C symptoms RT ↓ PPI |
de Leeuw et al. [127] | NR | No differences | NR | NR |
Ahmari et al. [128] | No differences | OCD > Control: ↓ %PPI | CSPP abnormalities RT ↓ PPI | O-C symptoms RT ↓ PPI History of tics RT ↓ PPI |
Kohl et al. [130] | NR | OCD > Control: ↓ %PPI (ISI 60, 120 and 200ms) | NAcc deficit RT ↓ PPI | O-C symptoms’ severity RT ↓ PPI |
Pittenger et al. [132] | NR | No differences | 5HT1b receptor availability in basal ganglia & thalamus RT ↑ PPI | NR |
Steinman et al. [133] | No differences | OCD♀>Control♀: ↓%PPI | NR | NR |
Castellanos et al. [124] | No differences | GTS > Control: ↓ %PPI | Pallidal structures deficit RT ↓ PPI | Sensory experiences RT ↓ PPI |
Swerdlow et al. [125] | No differences | GTS > Control: ↓ %PPI | NR | NR |
Buse et al. [129] | No differences | GTS > Control: ↓ %PPI | Deficit in middle & postcentral gyrus, precuneus, cingulate cortex & caudate nucleus RT ↓ PPI | Tic severity RT ↓ PPI |
Zebardast et al. [131] | No differences | No differences | Deficit in caudate nucleus, frontal cortex, anterior insula, cingulate cortex & middle gyrus RT ↓ PPI | NR |
Efferen et al. [134] | CUD > Control: ↓ SR mg. | CUD > Control: ↑ %PPI (Prepulse intensity 75dB) | ↓ Dopaminergic activity RT ↓ SR mg. & ↑ PPI | NR |
Preller et al. [140] | No differences | CUD > Control: ↑ %PPI (ISI 120ms) | Alterations in catecholamine neurotransmission RT ↑ PPI | NR |
Gil-Miravet et al. [143] | No differences | CUD > Control: ↑ %PPI (ISI 30ms) | D1 & D2 receptor expression RT differences in PPI | NR |
Echevarria et al. [144] | NR | CUD > Control: ↑ %PPI (ISI 30ms) | NR | Psychopathic traits RT ↑ PPI |
Heekeren et al. [136] | No differences | No differences | NR | NR |
Quednow et al. [135] | No differences | EUD > Control: ↑ %PPI | Sensitivity/density of 5-HT2 and/or 5-HT1 RT ↑ PPI | NR |
Kedzior et al. [137] | No differences | CnUD > Control: ↓ %PPI | NR | Attentional dysfunction RT ↓ PPI |
Kedzior et al. [138] | No differences | CnUD > Control: ↓ %PPI | NR | Attentional dysfunction RT ↓ PPI |
Mathias et al. [139] | No differences | CnUD > Control: ↓ %PPI | RT ↓ PPI | Deficits in sustained attention RT ↓ PPI |
Winton-Brown et al. [141] | No differences | CnUD > Control: ↓ %PPI | NR | NR |
Morales-Muñoz et al. [142] | NR | CnUD > Control: ↓ %PPI (ISI 30ms) | ↑ Dopaminergic activity RT ↓ PPI | NR |