Table 3 Summary of studies on PPI deficit that compared trauma-, stress-, and anxiety-related disorders patients to matched controls
Study | Startle response (SR) | Prepulse inhibition (PPI) | Neurobiology proposed | Cognition proposed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Storozheva et al. [120] | GAD > Control: ↓ SR mg. ↑ SR lat. | GAD > Control: ↓ %PPI (ISI 60ms) | GAD > Control: ↑ LH RT ↓ SR ↓ PFC RT ↓ PPI | Misinterpretation of contextual cues RT ↓ PPI |
Grillon et al. [85] | No differences | PTSD > Control: ↓ %PPI | NR | Affective flattening, avoidance & re-experiencing RT ↓ PPI |
Grillon et al. [81] | S1: No differences S2: PTSD > Control: ↑ SR | PTSD > Control: ↓ %PPI | ↑ Activity of the NST & hippocampus RT ↓ PPI | Re-experiencing RT ↑ SR mg. |
Grillon et al. [82] | PTSD > Control: ↑ SR mg. | No differences | ↑ Activity of the NST & hippocampus RT ↑ SR mg. | Re-experiencing & avoidance RT ↑ SR mg. |
Lipschitz et al. [96] | No differences | No differences | NR | NR |
Holstein et al. [103] | PTSD > Control: ↑ SR mg. | No differences | NR | NR |
Vrana et al. [105] | PTSD > Control: ↓ SR lat. ↑ SR mg. | PTSD > Control: ↓ %PPI (ISI 60 and 120ms) | NR | Hypervigilance RT SR ↓ lat. & ↑ mg. |
Vrana et al. [109] | PTSD > Control: ↑ SR mg. | PTSD > Control: ↓ %PPI | PFC deficit RT ↓ PPI | ↑ Abstinence & planning RT ↑ PPI |
Pineles et al. [111] | PTSD > Control: ↓ SR mg. | PTSD > Control: ↓ %PPI | NR | Re-experiencing & avoidance RT ↓ PPI |
Echiverri-Cohen et al. [113] | No differences | PTSD > Control: ↓ %PPI (ISI 30 and 60ms) | NR | Re-experiencing & avoidance RT ↓ PPI |
Meteran et al. [116] | PTSD > Control: ↑ SR mg. | No differences | PFC deficit RT ↑ SR | Hallucinations & other psychotic symptoms RT ↑ SR |
Acheson et al. [122] | No differences | PTSD > Control: ↓ %PPI (ISI 30 and 60ms) | PFC, hippocampus & amygdala deficit RT ↓ PPI | Stress RT ↓ PPI |
De la Casa et al. [83] | Stress > Control: ↓ SR mg. | Stress > Control: ↓ %PPI (ISI 60 and 80ms) | ↑ Dopaminergic activity RT stress induction RT ↓ PPI | NR |
Duley et al. [101] | NR | TA > Control: ↓ %PPI | NR | Exercise modulates PPI deficit in anxiety |
Comasco et al. [108] | PW > Control: ↑ SR mg. | PW > Control: ↓ %PPI PW + TA > PW: ↓ %PPI PW + TA + SSRI > PW + TA: ↓ %PPI | ↑ Estrogens & catecholaminergic genotype RT ↓ PPI | Attention & executive deficits RT ↓ PPI |
Grillon et al. [86] | AS > Control: ↑ SR mg. | AS > Control: ↓ %PPI | NR | NR |
McMillan et al. [104] | AS > Control: ↑ SR mg. | AS > Control: ↓ %PPI | NR | Difficulty disengaging attention RT ↓ PPI |
Ludewig et al. [88] | No differences | PD > Control: ↓ %PPI PD + A > PD-A: ↓ %PPI | NR | Trait anxiety RT ↓ PPI |
Ludewig et al. [95] | PDnM > Control: ↑ SR mg. | PDnM > Control: ↓ %PPI PDnM > PDM: ↓ %PPI (240ms) | ↑ Dopaminergic & amygdala activity RT ↓ PPI | Deficit in interpreting somatic symptoms RT ↑ SR |