Table 2 Sociodemographic data and experimental conditions of included studies
Study | N total (% female) | Mean age (SD) | Diagnosis | ISI (ms) | Startle stimuli / Prepulse stimuli |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Swerdlow et al. [84] | 44 (32%) | 45 (2.9) | HD | 30, 60, 120 | 116dB (40ms) / 85dB (20ms) |
Grillon et al. [85] | 48 (0%) | 41.3 (5) | PTSD | 120 | 98-103dB (40ms) / 70dB (30ms) |
Grillon et al. [86] | 66 (53%) | 13.6 (NR) | Anxious sensitivity | 120, 4000 | 106dB (40ms) / 70dB (30ms) |
Grillon et al. [81] | 65 (0%) | 44.2 (4) | PTSD | 120 | 93-103dB (40ms) / 70dB (30ms) |
Grillon et al. [82] | 52 (0%) | 48 (3.7) | PTSD | 120 | 103dB (40ms) / 70dB (30ms) |
Perry et al. [87] | 48 (38%) | 34.6 (11.7) | BD | 30, 60, 120 | 115dB (40ms) / 86dB (20ms) |
Ludewig et al. [88] | 41 (49%) | 35.9 (10) | PD | 30, 60, 120, 240 | 115dB (40ms) / 86dB (20ms) |
Muñoz et al. [89] | 32 (NR) | 47.4 (10.4) | HD | 50, 70, 100, 150 | A: 90dB / 80dB; T: 3xU / 1.5xU |
Hejl et al. [90] | 97 (59%) | 72.6 (5.3) | AD, MCI | 30, 60, 120 | 115dB (40ms) / 85dB (40ms) |
Perry et al. [91] | 46 (52%) | 34 (9.3) | MDD | 30, 60, 120 | 118dB (40ms) / 72-86dB (20ms) |
Perriol et al. [92] | 40 (NR) | 73.3 (NR) | PD, AD | 60, 120, 3000 | 115dB (40ms) / 80dB (40ms) |
Rich et al. [93] | 29 (55%) | 12.9 (2.5) | BD | 60, 120 | 104dB (50ms) / 70dB (50ms) |
Barrett et al. [94] | 43 (49%) | 44.3 (13.2) | BD | 60, 120 | 111dB (40ms) / 75-85dB (40ms) |
Ludewig et al. [95] | 42 (50%) | 34.5 (10) | PD | 30, 60, 120, 240 | 115dB (40ms) / 86dB (20ms) |
Lipschitz et al. [96] | 51 (100%) | 16.5 (2.8) | PTSD | 120, 2000 | 104dB (40ms) / 72dB (40ms) |
Quednow et al. [97] | 38 (42%) | 35.2 (10.8) | MDD, Dysthymia | 140 | 116dB (40ms) / 86dB (20ms) |
Ueki et al. [98] | 70 (69%) | 70.2 (8.6) | AD, MCI | 50 | 115dB (50ms) / 85dB (30ms) |
Carroll et al. [99] | 67 (51%) | 34.5 (8.2) | BD | 120 | 95dB (50ms) / 65dB (50ms) |
Giakoumaki et al. [100] | 57 (NR) | 32 (7.2) | BD | 60, 120 | 115dB (40ms) / 85dB (20ms) |
Duley et al. [101] | 38 (61%) | 21.2 (0.4) | Trait anxiety | 30, 60, 120 | 102dB (40ms) / 70dB (40ms) |
Gogos et al. [102] | 61 (51%) | 41.7 (11.3) | BD | 60, 120 | 115dB (40ms) / 74-86dB (20ms) |
Holstein et al. [103] | 51 (76%) | 38.7 (2.2) | PTSD | 60, 120, 2000 | 115dB (40ms) / 86dB (20ms) |
McMillan et al. [104] | 50 (76%) | 22.9 (5.8) | Anxious sensitivity | 120 | 105dB (50ms) / 70dB (25ms) |
Vrana et al. [105] | 100 (50%) | 42 (10.8) | PTSD | 60, 120, 240 | 100dB (50ms) / 70dB (20ms) |
Zoetmulder et al. [106] | 82 (49%) | 59.7 (9.1) | PD | 30, 60, 120, 300 | 115dB (40ms) / 75-85dB (20ms) |
Ivleva et al. [107] | 214 (56%) | 34.3 (11.7) | BD | 120, 4500 | 116dB (40ms) / 80dB (20ms) |
Comasco et al. [108] | 204 (100%) | 30.4 (4.9) | Trait anxiety | 100 | 115dB (40ms) / 72-86dB (20ms) |
Vrana et al. [109] | 95 (53%) | 42 (10.8) | PTSD | 60, 120, 240 | 100dB (50ms) / 70dB (20ms) |
Sánchez-Morla et al. [110] | 102 (56%) | 40.9 (10.5) | BD | 60, 120 | 118dB (40ms) / 80dB (20ms) |
Pineles et al. [111] | 47 (100%) | 31.9 (9.2) | PTSD | 120 | 100dB (50ms) / 70dB (20ms) |
De la Casa et al. [83] | 22 (64%) | 21 (NR) | Stress induction | 40, 60, 80 | 95dB (20ms) / 75dB (50ms) |
Comasco et al. [112] | 170 (100%) | 30.9 (4.8) | Postpartum MDD | 100 | 115dB (40ms) / 72-86dB (20ms) |
Echiverri-Cohen et al. [113] | 67 (67%) | 32.7 (13.4) | PTSD | 30, 60, 120 | 105dB (50ms) / 75dB (25ms) |
Matsuo et al. [114] | 471 (53%) | 39.9 (11.7) | MDD | 60, 120 | 115dB (40ms) / 86-90dB (20ms) |
Millian-Morell et al. [115] | 87 (48%) | 70.3 (11.9) | PD | 60, 120, 1000 | 115dB (40ms) / 85dB (20ms) |
Meteran et al. [116] | 45 (47%) | 45.9 (13.1) | PTSD | 60, 120 | 115dB (20ms) / 76-85dB (20ms) |
Bo et al. [117] | 63 (40%) | 26.3 (6.7) | BD | 120 | 100dB (40ms) / 65dB (150ms) |
Matsuo et al. [118] | 338 (59%) | 40.4 (11.1) | BD | 60, 120 | 115dB (NR) / 86-90dB (NR) |
Massa et al. [119] | 1143 (59%) | 38.6 (14) | BD | 120 | 116dB (40ms) / 90dB (20ms) |
Storozheva et al. [120] | 240 (47%) | 33.2 (1.2) | GAD | 60, 120, 2500 | 110dB (40ms) / 85dB (20ms) |
San-Martin et al. [121] | 44 (39%) | 26.6 (7.7) | BD | 30, 60, 120 | 115dB (40ms) / 85dB (20ms) |
Acheson et al. [122] | 1228 (0%) | 22.2 (2.87) | PTSD | 30, 60, 120 | 114dB (40ms) / 86dB (20ms) |
Swerdlow et al. [123] | 24 (46%) | 36.3 (5.5) | OCD | 100 | 116dB (40ms) / 72-86dB (20ms) |
Castellanos et al. [124] | 21 (0%) | 10.8 (2) | GTS | 30, 60, 90, 120, 250 | 9.0mA (NR) / 6.0mA (NR) |
Swerdlow et al. [125] | 24 (33%) | 12 (NR) | GTS | 120 | 105dB (40ms) / 86dB (20ms) |
Hoenig et al. [126] | 60 (50%) | 31.5 (1.7) | OCD | 120 | 116dB (40ms) / 72-86dB (20ms) |
de Leeuw et al. [127] | 50 (72%) | 32.4 (9.7) | OCD | 120 | 113dB (30ms) / 74-86dB (30ms) |
Ahmari et al. [128] | 44 (45%) | 31 (9) | OCD | 120 | 116dB (40ms) / 74-86dB (20ms) |
Buse et al. [129] | 44 (0%) | 13.7 (1.8) | GTS | 140 | 40psi (40ms) / 6psi (20ms) |
Kohl et al. [130] | 24 (44%) | 39.7 (11.6) | OCD | 60, 120, 200 | 110dB (20ms) / 80dB (20ms) |
Zebardast et al. [131] | 33 (52%) | 30.4 (9.3) | GTS | 120 | 80psi (40ms) / 7psi (20ms) |
Pittenger et al. [132] | 24 (66,7%) | 30.9 (2.5) | OCD | 120 | 102dB (50ms) / 85dB (5ms) |
Steinman et al. [133] | 110 (50%) | 28.2 (6.2) | OCD | 120 | 116dB (40ms) / 74-86dB (20ms) |
Efferen et al. [134] | 24 (0%) | 42.4 (2.9) | CUD | 100 | 115dB (40ms) / 75-85dB (20ms) |
Quednow et al. [135] | 50 (0%) | 24.4 (5.1) | EUD, CnUD | 120 | 116dB (40ms) / 72-86dB (40ms) |
Heekeren et al. [136] | 43 (21%) | 26.3 (3.6) | EUD | 100 | 115dB (20ms) / 82dB (20ms) |
Kedzior et al. [137] | 28 (20%) | 31.5 (8) | CnUD | 20, 40, 80, 100, 200 | 100dB (50ms) / 70dB (20ms) |
Kedzior et al. [138] | 36 (17%) | 32.2 (7.5) | CnUD | 20, 40, 80, 100, 200 | 100dB (50ms) / 70dB (20ms) |
Mathias et al. [139] | 78 (24%) | 16.1 (0.9) | CnUD | 120 | 105dB (50ms) / 70-85dB (50ms) |
Preller et al. [140] | 159 (27%) | 31.6 (9.1) | CUD | 30, 60, 120, 240 | 115dB (40ms) / 86dB (20ms) |
Winton-Brown et al. [141] | 47 (55%) | 22.7 (3.7) | CnUD | 30, 60, 120, 1000 | 114dB (40ms) / 85dB (20ms) |
Morales-Muñoz et al. [142] | 43 (37%) | 26.5 (2.6) | CnUD | 30, 60, 120 | 100dB (40ms) / 30dB (30ms) |
Gil-Miravet et al. [143] | 74 (0%) | 42.3 (8.5) | CUD | 30, 60, 120 | 105dB (40ms) / 85dB (20ms) |
Echevarria et al. [144] | 44 (0%) | 40.7 (10) | CUD | 30, 60, 120 | 105dB (40ms) / 85dB (20ms) |