Table 5 List of online self-report questionnaires

Mental health

General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28)

Symptoms of anxiety, depression, insomnia, social problems as well as somatic symptoms. This inventory is designed to capture the inability to carry out normal functions and the appearance of new and distressing phenomena in the general population, 28 items [28]

Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10)

Degree to which participants appraise situations in their lives as stressful, unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded, 10 items [70, 71]

Revised Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90-R)

Psychological distress in terms of nine primary symptom dimensions including somatization, obsessive–compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism, 90 items [72]

WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0)

Functioning and disability in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, 12 items [73]

Stressor exposure

Mainz Inventory of Microstressors (MIMIS)

58 minor stressors of daily life (e.g., loss or displacement of an object, interpersonal conflicts, bad weather, traffic). Participants report whether the events have occurred and how straining they were experienced on a 5-point scale [44]

List of COVID-related stressors (COV stress)

A list of 23 stressors specific to the COVID-pandemic (e.g., being at increased risk for an infection, loss of social contact, having COVID symptoms, etc.), for which participants report whether the situation occurred and how burdensome it was perceived on a 5-point scale. The list was self-developed in March 2020 for the DynaCORE studies on psychological resilience during the COVID-pandemic [42, 74]

List of War- and Terror-Related Stressors

A self-developed list of 15 stressors related to the war in Ukraine, for which participants report whether the situation occurred and how burdensome it was perceived on a 5-point scale [63] and a self-developed list of 5 terror terror-related stressors for which participants report whether they experienced the situation [63]

Life Events Questionnaire (LEQ)

27 stressful life events (e.g., death of a friend or family member, separation or divorce of the parents, illness or injury). For each event, participants indicate whether and at what age it has occurred and how positive or burdensome it has been experienced [27]

Questionnaires used to assess primary resilience and risk factors

Perceived Positive Appraisal Style Scale, content-focused (PASS-content)

Assessment of the perceived tendency to generate positive appraisals in challenging situations. The instrument has 14 items; answers are given on a 4-point scale [45]

Perceived Positive Appraisal Style Scale, process-focused (PASS-process)

Assessment of the perceived tendency to employ positive appraisal processes in challenging situations. The instrument has 10 items; answers are given on a 5-point scale [45]

Temporal Experience of Pleasure (TEPS)

Reward sensitivity is assessed using four anticipatory items from the TEPS [75]

List of crisis-related positive appraisals

A list of 6 self-formulated positive appraisal contents specific to the current crisis [63]

Brief Resilience Scale (BRS)

The subjective ability to cope with and recover from stress, 10 items [76]

Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ short)

Different strategies of emotion regulation such as self-blame, other-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, positive refocusing, planning, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, and acceptance, 18 items [90]

Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced questionnaire (Brief COPE)

Emotion regulation strategies such as self-distraction, active coping, denial, substance use, use of emotional support, use of instrumental support, behavioral disengagement, venting, positive reframing, planning, humor, acceptance, religion, and self-blame, 28 items [77]

General Self Efficacy Scale (GSE)

Perceived ability to cope with a variety of difficult demands in life, 10 items [46]

Internal External Locus of Control-4 (IE-4)

Degree to which individuals perceive themselves the outcomes of their behavior to be determined by their own actions or by forces outside of their control 4 items, 4 items [47]

Life Orientation Test – Revised (LOT-R)

Dispositional optimism and pessimism, 10 items [48]

NEO-Neuroticism

Neuroticism scale of the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), 12 items [78]

Oslo 3 Item Social Support Scale (OSSS-3)

Degree to which participants perceive themselves as surrounded by people who are close, concerned, and supportive [79]

Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire (PFQ)

Subjective psychological flexibility, assessed via five factors including positive perception of change, characterization of the self as flexible, self-characterization as open and innovative, a perception of reality as dynamic and changing, and a perception of reality as multifaceted, 20 items [80]

Questionnaires used to assess secondary resilience and risk factors

Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI)

Beliefs of negative implications of anxiety experiences, 18 items [81]

Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS)

Multiple facets of hedonic function such as desire, motivation, effort, and consummatory pleasure across hedonic domains, 17 items [82]

Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE)

Abuse and neglect during development, 52 items [83]

Perceived Social Status Scale (PSS-S)

Subjective socioeconomic status by means of a drawing of a ladder with 10 rungs, described to represent where people stand in society. Participants are instructed to indicate the rung that best represents where they stand on the ladder. Additionally, the same question is asked for the dimensions of academic and occupational status [84]

Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire (RTS)

Components of ruminative thinking including problem-focused thoughts, counterfactual thinking, repetitive thoughts, and anticipatory thoughts, 15 items [85]

Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ)

Tendency for aversive and appetitive behavior, 48 items [86]

State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

Symptoms of anxiety as a state and as a general trait, respectively, 40 items [87]

Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20)

Deficiency in understanding, processing, or describing emotions, 20 items [88]

Questionnaire used to assess user experience of the intervention

User version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale (uMARS)

A list of 10 questions, adapted from the user version of the user version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale (uMARS) questionnaire [89]