Table 3 Item properties in the DASS-21 across two surveys of the participants
Source | Cross-sectional survey (N = 9030) | Longitudinal survey (N = 1642) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale − 21 |  | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | ||||||
Subscale of Depression | Mean (SD) | Loadings | Mean (SD) | Loadings | Mean (SD) | Loadings | Â | ||
3. couldn’t experience positive feeling | 0.35 (0.62) | 0.87 | 0.53 (0.72) | 0.82 | 0.51 (0.72) | 0.84 |  | ||
5. difficult to work up the initiative to do things | 0.35 (0.61) | 0.87 | 0.42 (0.65) | 0.78 | 0.39 (0.65) | 0.86 | Â | ||
10. had nothing to look forward to | 0.34 (0.63) | 0.90 | 0.47 (0.73) | 0.85 | 0.45 (0.72) | 0.88 | Â | ||
13. felt down-hearted and blue | 0.39 (0.63) | 0.91 | 0.46 (0.68) | 0.91 | 0.45 (0.69) | 0.93 | Â | ||
16. unable to become enthusiastic | 0.32 (0.59) | 0.91 | 0.36 (0.64) | 0.85 | 0.36 (0.62) | 0.91 | Â | ||
17. not worth much as a person | 0.19 (0.50) | 0.90 | 0.15 (0.47) | 0.87 | 0.18 (0.49) | 0.88 | Â | ||
21. life was meaningless | 0.24 (0.53) | 0.89 | 0.21 (0.52) | 0.87 | 0.23 (0.55) | 0.88 | Â | ||
Composite reliability | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.96 | ||||||
Average variance extracted | 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.78 | ||||||
Subscale of Anxiety | Â | Â | Â | ||||||
2. dryness of my mouth | 0.45 (0.66) | 0.76 | 0.78 (0.78) | 0.57 | 0.78 (0.83) | 0.66 | Â | ||
4. experienced breathing difficulty | 0.31 (0.58) | 0.88 | 0.39 (0.64) | 0.82 | 0.42 (0.69) | 0.85 | Â | ||
7. experienced trembling | 0.25 (0.56) | 0.90 | 0.23 (0.53) | 0.81 | 0.27 (0.58) | 0.84 | Â | ||
9. worried about situations of panic and making a fool of myself | 0.47 (0.66) | 0.86 | 0.69 (0.78) | 0.78 | 0.62 (0.76) | 0.85 | Â | ||
15. feeling of close to panic | 0.30 (0.58) | 0.92 | 0.38 (0.64) | 0.91 | 0.35 (0.63) | 0.93 | Â | ||
19. aware of the action of my heart | 0.33 (0.59) | 0.89 | 0.38 (0.61) | 0.86 | 0.39 (0.65) | 0.86 | Â | ||
20. felt scared without any good reason | 0.30 (0.58) | 0.91 | 0.32 (0.61) | 0.90 | 0.32 (0.61) | 0.90 | Â | ||
Composite reliability | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.95 | ||||||
Average variance extracted | 0.77 | 0.66 | 0.71 | ||||||
Subscale of Stress | Â | Â | Â | ||||||
1. hard to wind down | 0.48 (0.64) | 0.75 | 0.69 (0.74) | 0.60 | 0.62 (0.72) | 0.72 | Â | ||
6. tended to over-react | 0.33 (0.60) | 0.90 | 0.40 (0.63) | 0.84 | 0.41 (0.66) | 0.85 | Â | ||
8. using a lot of nervous energy | 0.48 (0.68) | 0.84 | 0.84 (0.84) | 0.70 | 0.79 (0.84) | 0.79 | Â | ||
11. getting agitated | 0.36 (0.61) | 0.92 | 0.46 (0.68) | 0.92 | 0.45 (0.69) | 0.93 | Â | ||
12. difficult to relax | 0.42 (0.65) | 0.89 | 0.54 (0.72) | 0.89 | 0.51 (0.72) | 0.90 | Â | ||
14. intolerant of anything | 0.43 (0.64) | 0.85 | 0.59 (0.74) | 0.71 | 0.51 (0.68) | 0.83 | Â | ||
18. felt rather touchy | 0.42 (0.63) | 0.85 | 0.54 (0.71) | 0.79 | 0.53 (0.72) | 0.84 | Â | ||
Composite reliability | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.94 | ||||||
Average variance extracted | 0.74 | 0.62 | 0.70 | ||||||