Table 3 Extracted information relating to sample characteristics

[18]

32

"The participants come from different sectors and occupations, including UK higher education, accounting and finance, sales, marketing and project management"

17 females

Age range: 25–47

UK

• 3–12 years work experience

• Sample was representative of the study population

• n = 18 married

[19]

143

"sample of alumni from the Portuguese AESE Business School"

Males 56%

Average age: 49.2

Portugal

• Most individuals completed bachelor, master or doctoral degrees (94%)

• Study population (N = 143) was a homogeneous sample regarding most sociodemographic variables

• Marital status (married 72%)

• Presence of children (88%)

[20]

988

"Respondents primarily worked in occupations categorized as business and office (29.1%), engineering and architecture (24.6%), education and arts (22.1%), followed by respondents in healthcare and social services (9.3%), computer sciences and mathematics (8.2%), basic scientists (4.2%), and services and physical occupations (2.6%)."

558 women

317 men

113 unreported

Age range: 18–80 years old

U.S

(10.5% of respondents did not provide their location)

• Respondents were primarily Caucasian (60.9%)

[21]

804

"finance, insurance and banking services (7.1), entrepreneurship and management 50 (6.2), communication (10), education and research 129 (16), public administration and law enforcement agencies 43 (5.3), IT and telecommunication 130 (16.2), health and social services 104 (12.9), real estate, design and fashion sectors 25 (3.1), industry and trade 55 (6.8), commercial services 48 (6), legal and administrative services 34 (4.2), entertainment and personal services 18 (2.2), consulting services 31 (3.9)"

Males 40%

Mean age: 39.2

Italy

• Education N (%): Middle school level 9 (1.1), High school license 145 (18), Bachelor degree 601 (74.8), Doctoral degree 49 (6.1)

[22]

519

"23 large, private, service-sector companies wholesale and retail trade, transport, financial services, education, health care, and real estate"

Female 71%

Age

20–30 (11)

31–35 (17)

36–45 (50)

46–50 (18)

55 or older (4)

Columbia

• The questionnaire was provided to 519 teleworkers occupying mid-level positions in their organizations who had been using this modality before the pandemic at least two days a week

[23]

575

"participants belonging to an association of Italian professionals"

Females 60.52%, Males (39.48%)

Median age of 40 years (IQR: 33–49)

Italy

• "Most of the participants were graduated or post-graduated (73%)

• Most of the responders were employees (65.22%) with a median job seniority of 9 years 54 (9.39%) were 24 h available, while the others had ordinary or flexible shifts."

[24]

1050

"scientific and intellectual professionals, support and administrative employees, accounting and administrative employees, catering, protection and sellers, other lower-skills workers"

“The percentage of women is higher than men for […] teleworking individuals.”

Italy

• To be included participants must: have been confined in Spain, been in the labour market, and having had some paid work experience during the last 12 months

[25]

14,520 observations and 3630 individuals when we considered those who work only from home, and 12,144 observations and 3036 individuals when we considered the respondents who work from home on occasion

All data from: Understanding Society-UKHLS, a nationally representative survey of approximately 30,000 households started in 2009

UK

[26]

194

Engineer, Analyst, Academician, Software specialist, Banker, Marketing expert, Interior architect, Executive, Intern, Consultant, Doctor

51% men

"The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki."

• All the participants had no previous experience of working from home and only started working from home after the pandemic

[27]

256

"Manager/Supervisor (29%), Educator (12%), Professional (12%), Executive (6.5%), Student (3%), or Other (20%). In the “Other” category, “Administrator,” “Director,” and “Researcher” were the most frequent responses."

“The final sample [was] reflective of the general population in terms of gender identity (49% female).”

not specific

• The group was well-educated with over 40% of the sample having a graduate degree or higher

[28]

392

An electronic questionnaire was sent to junior lecturers, senior lecturers, and professors at Swedish public universities

The sample contained a higher proportion of women than the population (62% in the sample and 52% in the population)

Sweden

• The proportion of junior lecturers in the sample was similar to that in the population (45% in the sample and 44% in the population)

• The proportion of senior lecturers was slightly larger (44% in the sample and 42% in the population)

• The proportion of professors was smaller (11% in the sample and 14% in the population)

[29]

491

Applied behaviour analysts

Female 89%

Average age: 33.45 years

USA

• Participants reported being employed for an average of 34.08 h per week

• During that time, approximately 54% of participants were working remotely as a result of COVID-19

• The majority of respondents had BCBA® certification (62%)

• 84%of the participants identified as non-Latino white

[17]

51

All individuals were employed as administrative wo

rkers that moved to work remotely since the beginning of COVID-19

Women 56.9%

Average age: 46.67 years

Italy

• Most of the participants had three or more cohabitants (56.9%)

• 29.4% had children to look after

• 55% of workers had a second level degree

[31]

5105

Roles consisted of: agriculture, construction, IT, transport, wholesale and retail, finance and insurance, real estate, accommodation and restaurants

Japan

[43]

519

Participants were from: 12.7% other services; 10.4% other industries; 9.4% IT, computers, and mathematics; 8.3% social work and education; 8.1% office, business, and administration; 7.1% banking, insurance, and real estate; 6.4% health, medicine, nursing, and sports; 5.6% trade, distribution, sales; and all other industries < 5%

46.4% female

Average age was 45.37

Germany

• Individual data from a large Germany-wide study was used to investigate the research questions

• University and technical college degrees were most frequently reported as the highest professional education (39.3%)

• The average monthly net income (i.e., the sum of wages, salary, income, in each case after deduction of taxes etc.) was 2000–3000

[32]

1896

General workers from companies that had business contact with BackTech Inc. The survey was administered to 5,000 subjects

76.8% male

Average age: 44.52

Japan

• Of the 1,896 people who responded to our survey on the status of telework, 1,597 (84.2%) had switched from office to telework, and 213 (11.2%) teleworked unrelated to COVID-19

• The remaining demographic indicators were statistically different, such as residence, marital status, cohabitant presence, managerial position, and employment status

[33]

20,395

Job type: Primarily desk work 2042 (80.5%)

55.9% male

Average age: 49.5

Japan

• 12% telecommuted more than 4 days per week, 1,391 (7%) telecommuted more than 2 days per week, 1,343 (7%) telecommuted less than 1 day per week, and 15,124 (74%) hardly ever telecommuted

• Married (50.7%)

[34]

1285

The only inclusion criteria were that the respondent was teleworking at the time

65.9% female

Average age was 29.1

Columbia

Most of the respondents were from Colombia (54.8%), 39.7% were from Ecuador, and 5.5% were from other countries of the region

Of those, 68.6% were married and 49.3% lived with children. About a third of the sample had a college degree (33.8%) and 60.8% had a graduate education. Most of them worked in education (44.4%) and the second-best represented sector was service (18%). Finally, 89.5% of the respondents had been in their current job more than a year

[35]

9700

Not specific

52% male

Average age was 43.5

France, Germany, Italy, Spain or Sweden

• Data from COME-HERE (COVID-19, MEntal HEalth, REsilience and Selfregulation) panel survey run by the University of Luxembourg

• This survey is conducted by Qualtrics using representative samples (by age, gender and region) from France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden

[36]

459

100 (21.8%) were software developers, 79 (17.2%) were pharmaceutical industry employees, 74 (16.1%) were sales and marketing employees, 67 (14.6%) were bank employees, 29 (6.3%) were public officers, 29 (6.3%) were engineer, 24 (5.2%) were textile workers, 11 (2.4%) were airlines workers, 11 (2.4%) were insurance workers, 9 (2.0%) were teachers, 9 (2.0%) were food workers, 8 (1.7%) were logistics workers, 6 (1.3%) were human resources workers, 3 (0.7%) were tourism professionals

Out of 459 respondents, 254 (55.3%) were male and 205 (44.7%) were female. The age of the participants ranged from 24 to 60 years (M = 35.64, SD = 6.84) and mean age was 35.64 ± 6.84

As far as education level is concerned,

• Primary inclusion criteria for the participants were no remote working experience prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, WFH for at least six months after the COVID-19 pandemic declaration, WFH at the time of the questionnaire

• 318 (69.3%) participants were graduated from university, while 141 (30.7%) were postgraduate degree holders

• 28 (49.7%) of the participants had a child

[37]

3123

40 companies information technology, finance, broadcasting, music, consulting, public office, chemical industry, healthcare, fashion, printing, movie, trading, restaurant, travel agency, patent agency, and temp agency

1,773 males

Average age: 37.3

Japan

• 1,440 participants (46.1%) had not engaged in remote work in 2020. Among the other participants, 713 people (22.8%) had engaged in 1 or 2 days a week of remote work, 728 people (23.3%) had engaged in 3 or 4 days a week of remote work, and 242 (7.7%) people had engaged in 5 days a week of remote work

[39]

184

Recruited entirely online. No job category data reported

Men (n = 40) and women (n = 143)

UK

• Households with (n = 46) and without (n = 136) children under the age of 18 years

[40]

1164

"Most of our respondents worked in the public administration sector (45.3%); other sectors included support services (10.2%), professional services (9.1%), information and communications (8.1%), education (5.1%) and manufacturing (4.6%)"

Female 76.6%

Average age: 46.45

Finland

• Most of the respondents were part of two-person households (42.4%); others were part of one-person (19.8%), three-person (16.2%) or four-person (15.1%) households

• 34.3% of the respondents had at least one child (< 18 years) living at home

[41]

831 first phase 492 s phase

"Administered to employees at two universities in England"

Female 74% / 77%

Under 30: 10% / 11%

Over 50: 30% / 33%

UK

• Graduate: 86% / 86%

• White: 89% / 92%

• Married/living with a Partner: 74% / 73%

• Childcare responsibilities: 25% / 23%

[42]

988

"Respondents worked across a variety of occupations including those in business and office (29.1%), engineering and architecture (24.6%), education and arts (22.1%), healthcare and social services (9.3%), computer sciences and mathematics (8.2%), basic science (4.2%), and service and physical occupations (2.6%)."

Female 56.6%

Male 32.1%

Prefer not to say 11.4%

Average age: 40.9

USA

"individuals working in California (47.3%), with additional responses received from 39 other states in the U.S. (35.8%) and countries outside of the U.S. (6.4%), and the remaining 10.5% of respondents preferring not to answer."

• Race or ethnicity of the respondents included Caucasian (60.9%), Asian (24.6%), Hispanic or Latino (9.3%), African American (2.8%), and mixed race or another ethnicity (2.4%)

• One-third of respondents reported having either a doctorate (34.1%) or graduate/ professional degree (37.2%), while the remaining respondents had either a 4-year degree (22.1%) or a 2-year degree or less (6.5%)

[38]

3140

The business/industry sector of the 2,768 who responded are as follows: telecoms (24.1 per cent), local government (17.9 per cent), financial services (16.6 per cent), civil service (14.9 per cent), education (4.2 per cent), voluntary/third sector (4.1 per cent), travel/transport (3.5 per cent), NHS (2.1 per cent) and others (5.1 per cent). Of the 2,985 who responded, 30.5 per cent were contact centre workers

66.4% female,

31.3% male,

0.4% non-binary

1.4% preferred not to state their gender

Age:

 < 25: 3.1%

26–35: 15.4%

36–45: 20.7%

46–55: 33.8%

56–65: 25.5%

65 + : 1.4%

UK

• full-term permanent (76.3%), part-time permanent (21.4%), full-time temporary (0.7%), part-time temporary (0.1%), fixed terms contracts (1.2%), zero hours contract (0.2%)

• The grade of the 3014 respondents were as follows: senior management (3.4%), middle management (14.3%), team leader/supervisor (10.4%) and non-managerial/non- supervisory (71.9%)

[30]

2758

The focus is on employees aged 15 to 64 who are new teleworkers, i.e., who usually worked outside the home prior to the COVID-19 pandemic but worked most of their hours at home during the week of February 14 to 20, 2021

Goods-producing industries; Trade, transportation and warehousing; Finance and insurance; Professional, scientific and technical services; Education, law and social, community and government services; Health care and social assistance; Public administration; Other

Not reported

Canada