Table 2 Extracted information relating to outcome variable and measure, and quality appraisal score
Reference | Measures | Outcomes | Quality appraisal score (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mental Health | Productivity | |||
[21] | Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 items (DASS-21) | Depression Anxiety Stress | 60 | |
[23] | General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) | Psychological distress Subjective wellbeing | 100 | |
[24] | General Health Questionnaire | Psychological wellbeing | 100 | |
[25] | GHQ12 | Mental wellbeing | 60 | |
[27] | Perceived Stress Scale-10 Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) | Stress Burnout | 60 | |
[28] | General Health Questionnaire, work stress questionnaire, | Health Work-related stress | 60 | |
[32] | Kessler 6 | Depression Anxiety | 60 | |
[33] | Kessler 6 | Psychological distress | 60 | |
[35] | “Overall, in the past week, how satisfied have you been with your life? and in the past week, to what extent have you felt the things you are doing in your life are worthwhile?” UCLA Loneliness 8 item scale PHQ9 GAD7 | Wellbeing made up of: Life satisfaction / Loneliness / Depression / Anxiety | 80 | |
[36] | Depression Anxiety Stress Questionnaire-Short Form, | Depression Anxiety Stress | 60 | |
[40] | GHQ-12 five items | Psychological distress | 60 | |
[41] | “Warr’s scales (items based on asking respondents to rate the extent to which they felt (four) states in the last seven days: the states being “anxious”, “worried”, “at ease”, “relaxed”. Responses were given on a five-point scale, “never”, “occasionally”, “some of the time”, “most of the time”, and “all of the time”, and item responses were recoded such that high scores indicated better well-being. Depression–enthusiasm was measured in the same way as anxiety–contentment, with the states being “depressed”, “gloomy”, “happy” and “cheerful”). “ “Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (which was adapted to fit the weekly survey, in which respondents were asked to rate during the last 7 days the extent to which they felt seven states. The states were (a) “optimistic about the future”, (b) “feeling useful”, (c) “feeling relaxed”, (d) “dealing with problems well”, (e) “thinking clearly”, (f) “close to other people”, (g) “able to make up my own mind about things”. A five-point response scale was used: “none of the time”, “rarely”, “some of the time”, “often”, and “all the time”. Thus, high scores on this measure indicated better well-being).” | Anxiety contentment Depression-enthusiasm Mental wellbeing | 60 | |
[42] | “Participants rated their overall mental well-being relative to their health status prior to WFH on a 5-point Likert-type scale, from 1 (much lower) to 5 (much higher) with 3 indicating the same as before WFH.” “To explore primary contributors to these ratings, participants indicated what type of mental health issues they were experiencing. (Eight types of mental health issues were also provided as options: anxiety or nervousness; depression, sadness, or participants rated their overall physical and mental well-being relative to their health status prior to WFH on a 5-point Likert-type scale, from 1 (much lower) to 5 (much higher) with 3 indicating the same as before WFH. feeling blue; insomnia or trouble sleeping; low motivation or slowed actions; mental stress, rumination, or worry; mood swings; social isolating or decreased interest in social engagement; and trouble concentrating, maintaining attention or focus).” | Mental wellbeing + additional information | 60 | |
[20] | “Respondents rated their productivity relative to the status before WFH using a 5-point Likert scale with 1 indicating much lower productivity, 3 indicating the same as before, and 5 indicating much higher productivity.” | Productivity | 60 | |
[22] | “Talukder et al., questionnaire: 10 items (one of which was eliminated since its outer loading registered below 0.5; e.g. ‘I meet formal performance requirements of the job’, ‘I can make constructive suggestions to the overall functioning of my work group’).” | Job performance | 80 | |
[26] | “We questioned the total duration of working from home after the pandemic started, the level of stress or comfort compared with the workplace, productivity compared with the workplace, quality of work compared with the workplace.” | Productivity | 60 | |
[30] | Measures not disclosed | Productivity | 20 | |
[31] | "Suppose your productivity at your normal workplace is 100, how do you evaluate your work productivity at home? Please answer this question considering all of your tasks—if higher, please answer with a score higher than 100." | Productivity | 40 | |
[19] | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale “Perceived productivity in comparison to the participants’ previous experience in presential work was assessed qualitatively on a 7-point ordinal scale ranging from the same level of productivity to increased or decreased productivity (‘slightly’, ‘moderately’ and ‘extremely’).” | Anxiety Depression | Perceived productivity | 60 |
[29] | Shirom and Melamed’s (2006) burnout scale “Two survey items assessed productivity related to work duties. E.g., “I can finish a large number of work-related tasks daily.” Both items were measured on a 7-point Likert scale, from 1 = “Strongly disagree” to 7 = “Strongly agree.”” | Burnout | Productivity | 60 |
[17] | "Asked about factors that might improve productivity (saved travel time to go to the office, time flexibility, autonomy, reconciliation of work life with personal and family life, enhanced attention) or might decrease it (distractions in the domestic environment such as children to look after, planning di ficulties, impaired interaction with colleagues, technical failures)." | Work-related stress | Productivity | 40 |
[43] | Burnout Bullying Inventory Work Ability Index | Burnout | Level of work ability | 40 |
[34] | Five items from Folkman and Lazarus’s (1985) Work Stress Questionnaire " Respondents were asked to compare remote work and previous on-site-jobs and answer: My work productivity has... using better, the same, or worse as responses" | Work stress | Work productivity | 60 |
[37] | Brief job stress questionnaire Work Limitations Questionnaire | Job stressors and stress responses | Presenteeism | 60 |
[38] | “Two straightforward questions aimed to capture respondents’ overall experiences of how their mental health had changed since WFH” | Mental Health | Work performance | 60 |
[39] | Kessler—6 Distress Scale Brief Instrument to Assess Workers' Productivity During a Working Day | Mental Health | Work productivity | 60 |
[18] | Qualitative research | Qualitative research | Qualitative research | 100 |