The role of psychological distress, stigma and coping strategies on help-seeking intentions in a sample of Italian college students

Table 2 Total mean scores, by gender

Instruments scores	Total	Male	Female	Test statistics	p
Instruments scores	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Test statistics	p
USS	14.45 (7.70)	13.53 (7.64)	15.1 (7.66)	t = −5.42	< .001
SSOSH	25.71 (6.9)	27.24 (7.10)	24.61 (6.52)	t = 9.75	< .001
PSOSH	8.23 (3.61)	8.50 (3.70)	8.01 (3.48)	Ust = −4.01	< .001^a
GHSQ—emotional or personal problems	3.41 (1.72)	3.12 (1.70)	3.61 (1.70)	Ust = 7.40	< .001^a
GHSQ—suicidal thoughts	4.50 (2.17)	4.30 (2.20)	4.64 (2.14)	Ust = 4.04	< .001^a
Brief-COPE—problem focused strategies	16.09 (3.38)	15.71 (3.45)	16.37 (3.31)	t = −5.17	< .001
Brief-COPE—emotion focused strategies	21.93 (4.48)	21.56 (4.54)	22.20 (4.42)	t = −3.79	< .001
Brief-COPE—Avoidant/dysfunctional strategies	23.48 (4.37)	22.83 (4.42)	23.93 (4.26)	t = −6.70	< .001

USS: University Stress Scale; SSOSH: Self-Stigma of Seeking Help scale; PSOSH: Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Help scale; GHSQ: General Help seeking Questionnaire; Brief-COPE: Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced inventory; t: statistic t of the t-test; Ust: standardized Mann–Whitney U statistic
^aNon-parametric Mann–Whitney test applied for non-Gaussian distributed data: p values of Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests both < 0.05

ISSN: 2050-7283