Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the participants (N = 79)
Characteristics | Categories | n (%) | M ± SD |
|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 18 (22.8) | Â |
| Â | Female | 61 (77.2) | Â |
Age (year) | < 60 | 2 (2.5) | 77.46 ± 7.03 |
|  | 60 ~ 69 | 7 (8.9) | (range: 52 ~ 88) |
|  | 70 ~ 79 | 37 (46.8) |  |
|  | ≥ 80 | 33 (41.8) |  |
Marital status | Married | 28 (35.4) | Â |
| Â | Singled | 9 (11.4) | Â |
| Â | Widowed | 37 (46.8) | Â |
| Â | Divorced | 5 (6.4) | Â |
Education level | None | 21 (26.6) | Â |
| Â | Elementary school | 21 (26.6) | Â |
| Â | Middle school | 10 (12.7) | Â |
| Â | High school | 23 (29.1) | Â |
| Â | College or above | 4 (5.1) | Â |
Employed | Yes | 10 (12.7) | Â |
| Â | No | 69 (87.3) | Â |
Economic status | below average | 63 (79.7) | Â |
| Â | Average | 13 (16.5) | Â |
| Â | above average | 3 (3.8) | Â |
Activity of daily living | Independent | 69 (87.3) | Â |
| Â | Require assistance | 10 (12.7) | Â |
Comorbidity | Hypertension | 45 (60.8) | Â |
| Â | Cardiovascular disease | 7 (8.9) | Â |
| Â | Diabetes mellitus | 23 (29.1) | Â |
| Â | Peripheral vascular disease | 3 (3.8) | Â |
| Â | Cerebrovascular disease | 11 (13.9) | Â |
| Â | Osteoarthritis | 33 (41.8) | Â |
| Â | Mental illness | 5 (6.3) | Â |
| Â | Others | 27 (34.2) | Â |