Table 3 Results of the variables reviewed in the 83 studies reviewed

Manlove [111]

 + EE

(r, 0.40**)

 + D

(r, 0.38**)

− PA

(r, − 0.25**)

 + EE***

 + D***

− PA**

1993

Deary et al. [48]

 + EE

(r, 0.56**)

 + D

(r, 0.40**)

− PA

(r, − 0.35**)

 + PA

(r, 0.27**)

− D

(r, − 0.21**)

 + PA

(r, 0.20**)

 + PA

(r, 0.15**)

1996

Deary et al. [112]

 + EE

(r, 0.76***)

 + D

(r, 0.71***)

1996

Mills et al. [60]

 + EE (T1)

(r, 0.50**)

 + EE (T2)

(r, 0.43**)

 + D (T1)

(r, 0.34**)

 + D (T2)

(r, 0.23**)

− rPA (T1)

(r, − 0.31**)

− rPA (T2)

(r, − 0.29**)

− EE (T1)

(r, − 0.24**)

− EE (T2)

(r, − 0.22**)

 + rPA (T1)

(r, 0.48**)

 + rPA (T2)

(r, 0.42**)

− EE (T1)

(r, − 0.24**)

− EE (T2)

(r, − 0.23*)

− D (T1)

(r, − 0.36**)

− D (T2)

(r, − 0.25*)

− EE (T1)

(r, − 0.37*)

− EE (T2)

(r, − 0.12*)

 + rPA

(r, 0.19*)

− EE (T1)

(β, − 0.26*)

 + rPA (T1)

(β, 0.45*)

− D (T1)

(β, − 0.31*)

1998

Zellars et al. [113]

 + EE

(r, 0.50*)

 + D

(r, 0.23*)

− rPA

(r, 0.23*)

− EE

(r, − 0.25*)

−D

(r, − 0.30*)

− rPA

(r, − 0.28*)

− EE

(r, − 0.29*)

−D

(r, − 0.37*)

− rPA

(r, − 0.19*)

−rPA

(r, − 0.24*)

 + EE

(β, 0.32***)

− D

(β, − 0.20***)

− rPA

(β, − 0.18**)

− D

(β, − 0.32***)

−D

(β, −0.11*)

−rPA

(β, −0.25***)

2000

Zellars et al. [53]

 + EE

(r, 0.48**)

 + D

(r, 0.38**)

 + rPA

(r, 0.30**)

−EE

(r, −0.24**)

−D

(r, −0.19**)

−rPA

(r, −0.37**)

−EE

(r, −0.24**)

−D

(r, −0.39**)

−rPA

(r, −0.29**)

 + EE

(β, 0.34**)

 + D

(β, 0.24**)

−rPA

(β, −0.21**)

− D

(β, −0.28**)

−rPA

(β, −0.11**)

2001

De Vries et al. [114]

−EE

(r, −0.34**)

−EE

(r, −0.13**)

2002

McManus et al. [50]

 + EE

(r, 0.47**)

 + D

(r, 0.38**)

 + rPA

(r, 0.30**)

− EE

(r, − 0.24**)

− D

(r, − 0.19**)

− rPA

(r, − 0.37**)

 + EE

(β, 0.37**)

 + D

(β, 0.30**)

− rPA

(β, − 0.28**)

2004

Zellars et al. [52]

T1 + EE (T2)

(r, 0.233***)

T1 + D (T2)

(r, 0.103***)

T2 + EE (T2)

(r, 0.378***)

T2 + D (T2)

(r, 0.235***)

T2 + PA (T2)

(r, 0.090***)

T1−EE (T2)

(r, − 0.190***)

T1−D (T2)

(r, − 0.137***)

T1−PA (T2)

(r, − 0.077***)

T2−EE (T2)

(r, − 0.262***)

T2−D (T2)

(r, − 0.171***)

T2−PA (T2)

(r, − 0.152***)

T1−D (T2)

(r, − 0.240***)

T1−PA

(r, − 0.091***)

T2−EE (T2)

(r, − 0.094***)

T2−D (T2)

(r, − 0.322***)

T2−PA

(r, − 0.082***)

T1−EE (T2)

(r, − 0.088**)

T1−D (T2)

(r, − 0.121***)

T2−EE

(r, − 0.129***)

T2−D

(r, − 0.165***)

T1 + PA

(r, 0.096**)

T2 + PA

(r, 0.127***)

2004

Cano-García et al. [115]

 + EE

(β, 0.71***)

−D

(β, − 0.37*)

 + PA

(β, 0.58***)

2005

Burke et al. [116]

−EE

(r, − 0.19*)

−C

(r, − 0.19*)

−EE

(r, − 0.12*)

−C

(r, − 0.18*)

−EE

(r, − 0.23*)

−C

(r, − 0.31*)

− EE

(β, − 0.05*)

− EE

(β, − 0.18***)

− C

(β, − 0.28***)

2006

Goddard et al. [57]

 + B

(r, 0.45***)

− B

(r, − 0.16***)

− B

(r, − 0.24***)

− B

(r, − 0.12*)

 + B

(β, 0.24***)

− B

(β, − 0.08***)

− B

(β, − 0.09***)

 + B

(β, 0.11***)

2006

Langelaan et al. [117]

 + EE

(r, 0.50**)

 + C

(r, 0.48**)

 + EE

(r, − 0.33**)

 + C

(r, − 0.37**)

 + EE

(β, 0.81***)

2006

Mostert et al. [118]

 + EE (T4)

(β, 0.19**)

− PA

(β, − 0.17*)

2006

Bahner et al. [119]

 + EE

(r, 0.44**)

 + C

(r, 0.39**)

− EE

(r, − 0.24**)

− C

(r, − 0.20**)

 + PA

(r, 0.23**)

− EE

(r, − 0.24**)

− C

(r, − 0.33**)

 + PA

(r, 0.41**)

 + PA

(r, 0.34**)

 + PA

(r, 0.23**)

 + EE

(β, 0.32**)

 + C

(β, 0.30**)

− EE

(β, − 0.13*)

− C

(β, − 0.24**)

 + PA

(β, 0.28**)

 + PA

(β, 0.24**)

2007

Ghorpade et al. [120]

− EE

(r, − 0.213***)

 + PA

(r, 0.221***)

− EE

(r, − 0.135***)

− D

(r, − 0.438***)

 + PA

(r, 0.356***)

− D

(r, − 0.164***)

 + PA

(r, 0.307***)

 + PA

(r, 0.251***)

− EE

(M2; β, − 1.600**; M7; β, − 1.563**)

 + PA

(M2; β, − 1.479***; M7; β, − 0.961**)

− EE

(M4; β, − 2.685**)

− D

(M4; β, − 3.134***; M7; β, − 2.732***)

− PA

(M4; β, − 3.209***; M7; β, − 1.903***)

 + PA

(M3; β, − 2.119***; M7; β, − 1.398***)

 + EE

(M7; β, 1.960**)

 + PA

(M5; β, − 2.011***)

2007

Kim et al. [121]

− D

(β, − 3.77*)

2007

Teven, [122]

 + EE

(r, 0.50*)

 + D

(r, 0.39*)

 + rPA

(r, 0.38*)

− D

(r, − 0.13*)

− rPA

(r, − 0.40*)

− D

(r, − 0.37*)

− EE

(r, − 0.41*)

− D

(r, − 0.54*)

 + EE

(r, 0.08*)

2007

Leon et al. [123]

 + EE

(r, 0.38**)

 + D

(r, 0.38**)

− PA

(r, − 0.31**)

− EE

(r, − 0.18**)

− D

(r, − 0.14*)

 + PA

(r, 0.30**)

2008

Chung et al. [124]

− rPA

(r, − 0.442***)

− PA

(β, − 0.395**)

2009

De Hoogh et al. [125]

 + EE

(r, 0.40**)

 + C

(r, 0.38**)

− PA

(r, − 0.17*)

 + C

(r, 0.21**)

− C

(r, − 0.28**)

− C

(r, − 0.24**)

 + PA

(r, 0.41**)

 + B

(β, 0.35**)

 + EE

(β, 0.38**)

 + C

(β, 0.24*)

2009

Gandoy− Crego et al. [126]

 + EE

(r, 0.41***)

 + D

(r, 0.50***)

 + EE

(β, 0.20**)

 + D

(β, 0.34***)

2009

Kim et al. [127]

 + EE

(β, 0.33***)

− PA

(β, − 0.27**)

− EE

(β, − 0.20*)

 + PA

(β, 0.26*)

 + D

(β, 0.24*)

2009

Taormina et al. [128]

 + B (S1)

(r, 0.56**)

 + B (S2)

(r, 0.65**)

2009

Barford et al. [129]

− EE

(r, − 0.25**)

− EE (S1)

(β, − 0.20**)

2010

Perry et al. [51]

 + EE

(β, 0.27**)

 + D

(β, 0.21*)

− PA

(β, − 0.27*)

 + PA

(β, 0.27*)

− D

(β, − 0.23*)

 + PA

(β, 0.25*)

2010

Ghorpade et al. [130]

 + EE

(r, 0.35*)

 + D

(r, 0.24*)

− PA

(r, − 0.23*)

− EE

(r, − 0.20*)

 + PA

(r, 0.30*)

− D

(r, − 0.30*)

 + PA

(r, 0.32*)

− D

(r, − 0.19*)

− PA

(r, − 0.20*)

 + EE

(β, 0.20*)

 + D

(β, 0.23*)

 + PA

(β, 0.20*)

 + EE

(β, 0.25*)

 + PA

(β, 0.18*)

 + EE

(β, 0.23*)

 + D

(β, 0.25*)

 + PA

(β, 0.22*)

 + EE

(β, 0.18*)

 + D

(β, 0.18*)

2011

Hudek− Knežević et al. [59]

 + EE (T1)

(r, 0.39*)

 + EE (T2)

(r, 0.34*)

 + EE (T2)

(M1; β, 0.31***; M2; β, 0.15**)

2011

Salami, [131]

− EE

(r, − 0.21**)

 + PA

(r, 0.22**)

− EE

(r, − 0.14*)

− D

(r, − 0.44**)

 + PA

(r, 0.36**)

− D

(r, − 0.16**)

 + PA

(r, 0.31**)

 + PA

(r, 0.25**)

− EE

(β, − 1.24*)

 + PA

(β, 2.02**)

2011

Sterud et al. [61]

− rPA (T2)

(r, − 0.27**)

− rPA (T2)

(r, − 0.19*)

− rPA (T2)

(β, − 0.28**)

− rPA (T2)

(β, 0.10*)

2011

Armon et al. [54]

 + B

(r, 0.35*)

2012

Zimmerman et al. [132]

 + B (T1)

(r, 0.25*)

 + B (T2)

(r, 0.20*)

 + EE (T1)

(r, 0.28*)

 + EE (T2)

(r, 0.21*)

 + B (T1)

(r, 0.28*)

 + B (T2)

(r, 0.25*)

 + EE (T1)

(r, 0.23*)

 + EE (T2)

(r, 0.22*)

− B (T1)

(r, − 0.07*)

− EE (T1)

(r, − 0.21*)

− EE (T2)

(r, − 0.18*)

− B (T1)

(r, − 0.12*)

− B (T2)

(r, − 0.12*)

− EE (T2)

(r, − 0.09*)

 + EE (T1)

(r, 0.08*)

 + EE (T2)

(r, 0.07*)

 + B (T1)

(β, 0.21*)

− EE (T1)

(β, − 0.18*)

− EE (T2)

(β, − 0.21*)

− B (T1)

(β, − 0.16*)

 + B (T1)

(β, 0.16*)

− EE (T1)

(β, − 0.83*)

− EE (T2)

(β, − 0.48*)

− B (T1)

(β, − 0.21*)

 + EE (T1)

(β, 0.34*)

 + EE (T2)

(β, 0.18*)

2012

De la Fuente Solana et al. [133]

 + EE

(r, 0.50***)

 + D

(r, 0.39***)

− PA

(r, − 0.45***)

− EE

(r, − 0.36***)

− D

(r, − 0.29***)

 + PA

(r, 0.43***)

− EE

(r, − 0.45***)

− D

(r, − 0.45***)

 + PA

(r, 0.33***)

− EE

(r, − 0.34***)

− D

(r, − 0.31***)

 + PA

(r, 0.51***)

 + PA

(r, 0.14***)

 + EE

(β, 0.50***)

 + D

(β, 0.18***)

 + PA

(β, 0.30***)

− EE

(β, − 0.48***)

− D

(β, − 0.27***)

 + PA

(β, 0.22**)

 + PA

(β, 0.40***)

2013

Garbarino et al. [134]

 + PA

(M2; β, 0.15**; M3; β, 0.14**; M4; β, 0.15**; M5; β, 0.14**)

− D

(M2; β, − 0.23***; M3; β, − 0.24***; M4; β, − 0.24***; M5; β, − 0.24***)

 + PA

(M2; β, 0.26***; M3; β, 0.27***; M4; β, 0.26***; M5; β, 0.27***)

 + PA

(M2; β, 0.23***; M3; β, 0.24***; M4; β, 0.23***; M5; β, 0.24***)

 + PA

(M2; β, 0.17**; M3; β, 0.16**; M4; β, 0.17**; M5; β, 0.16**)

2013

Hurt et al. [135]

 + EE

(r, 0.380***)

 + C

(r, 0.254**)

− PA

(r, − 0.338***)

− C

(r, − 0.315***)

 + PA

(r, 0.413***)

 + PA

(r, 0.322***)

− C

(r, − 0.208*)

 + PA

(r, 0.369***)

2013

Lin et al. [136]

 + EE

(r, 0.432***)

 + D

(r, 0.266***)

− PA

(r, − 0.197**)

− EE

(r, − 0.174**)

 + PA

(r, 0.137*)

 + EE

(β, 0.25***)

2013

Gan et al. [56]

 + B

(r, 0.418**)

− B

(r, − 0.173*)

− B

(r, − 0.181*)

− B

(r, − 0.237**)

2014

Reinke et al. [137]

 + EE (T1)

(r, 0.18)^†

 + EE (T2)

(r, 0.20)^†

 + EE (T3)

(r, 0.20)^†

 + C (T1)

(r, 0.21)^†

 + rPA(T1)

(r, 0.23)^†

 + rPA(T2)

(r, 0.18)^†

 + rPA(T3)

(r, 0.17)^†

− EE (T1)

(r, − 0.25)^†

− EE (T2)

(r, − 0.21)^†

− EE (T3)

(r, − 0.22)^†

− C (T1)

(r, − 0.36)^†

− C (T2)

(r, − 0.25)^†

− C (T3)

(r, − 0.24)^†

− rPA(T1)

(r, − 0.35)^†

− rPA(T2)

(r, − 0.20)^†

− rPA(T3)

(r, − 0.17)^†

− rPA(T1)

(r, − 0.40)^†

− rPA(T2)

(r, − 0.33)^†

− rPA(T3)

(r, − 0.30)^†

− EE (T3)^†

− PA (T1)^†

− PA (T2)^†

− PA (T3)^†

2014

Taycan et al. [138]

 + EE

(r, 0.43***)

 + D

(r, 0.35***)

− PA

(r, − 0.28***)

− EE

(r, − 0.20*)

− D

(r, − 0.25**)

 + PA

(r, 0.27***)

 + EE

(β, 0.36***)

 + D

(β, 0.30***)

2014

Yilmaz, [139]

− EE

(r, − 0.14*)

− D

(r, − 0.17**)

− rPA

(r, − 0.28**)

− EE

(r, − 0.17**)

− D

(r, − 0.25**)

− rPA

(r, − 0.38**)

− EE

(r, − 0.18**)

− D

(r, − 0.33**)

− rPA

(r, − 0.37**)

− D

(r, − 0.15**)

− rPA

(r, − 0.45**)

2014

Cañadas− De la Fuente et al. [140]

 + EE

(r, 0.58***)

 + D

(r, 0.41***)

− PA

(r, − 0.41***)

− EE

(r, − 0.41***)

− D

(r, − 0.30***)

 + PA

(r, 0.45***)

− EE

(r, − 0.37***)

− D

(r, − 0.48***)

 + PA

(r, 0.42***)

− EE

(r, − 0.30***)

− D

(r, − 0.37***)

 + PA

(r, 0.53***)

− EE

(r, − 0.11**)

− D

(r, − 0.19***)

 + PA

(r, 0.24***)

 + EE

(β, 0.63***)

 + D

(β, 0.13***)

− PA

(β, − 0.12**)

− EE

(β, − 0.24***)

− EE

(β, − 0.24***)

− D

(β, − 0.31***)

 + PA

(β, 0.22***)

− D

(β, − 0.11**)

 + PA

(β, 0.38***)

2015

Srivastava et al. [141]

 + B

(St1; β, 0.378**; St2; β, 0.390**)

2015

Ang et al. [142]

 + B

(r, 0.10**)

2016

Iorga et al. [143]

 + EE^†

 + D^†

 + rPA^†

− EE^†

− D^†

− rPA^†

 + EE^†

 + D^†

 + rPA^†

 + EE^†

 + D^†

 + rPA^†

 + rPA^†

2016

Vaulerin et al. [144]

 + EE

(r, 0.19**)

2016

Zhou et al. [145]

 + EE

(r, 0.506*)

 + D

(r, 0.368*)

− D

(r, − 0.401*)

− PA

(r, − 0.372*)

− D

(r, − 0.588**)

 + PA

(r, 0.390*)

− EE

(r, − 0.387*)

− D

(r, − 0.348*)

− PA

(r, − 0.554***)

− D

(β, − 0.380*)

 + PA

(β, 0.389*)

2016

De la Fuente− Solana et al. [146]

 + EE

(r, 0.472***)

− D

(r, 0.298**)

 + PA

(r, − 0.270**)

− EE

(r, − 0.293***)

− D

(r, − 0.229*)

− PA

(r, − 0.361***)

− EE

(r, − 0.380***)

− D

(r, − 0.583***)

 + PA

(r, 0.531***)

− EE

(r, − 0.343***)

− D

(r, − 0.405***)

 + PA

(r, 0.612***)

− EE

(r, − 0.276**)

− D

(r, − 0.278**)

 + PA

(r, 0.286**)

2017

Geuens et al. [147]

 + EE

(r, 0.56***)

− PA

(r, − 0.28***)

− EE

(r, − 0.25***)

 + PA

(r, 0.47***)

− D

(r, − 0.25***)

 + PA

(r, 0.37***)

 + PA

(r, 0.22***)

 + EE (T1)

(β, − 0.56***)

 + EE (T2)

(β, − 0.54***)

− PA (T2)

(β, − 0.23**)

− D (T1)

(β, − 0.22*)

2017

Iorga et al. [148]

 + EE

(r, 0.475***)

 + D

(r, 0.231*)

− PA

(r, − 0.456***)

− EE

(r, − 0.330***)

− D

(r, − 0.221*)

 + PA

(r, 0.388***)

− D

(r, − 0.313***)

 + PA

(r, 0.368***)

− D

(r, − 0.239**)

 + PA

(r, 0.315***)

− D

(r, − 0.218*)

 + PA

(r, 0.363***)

 + EE

(β, 0.377***)

2017

Lovell et al. [149]

 + EE

(β, 0.618***)

 + D

(β, 0.220***)

− PA

(β, − 0.124*)

− D

(β, − 0.171***)

 + PA

(β, 0.172***)

 + PA

(β, 0.094*)

2017

Ntantana et al. [150]

 + EE***

− EE***

2017

Al Shbail et al. [151]

− B

(r, 0.382**)

− EE

(r, 0.335**)

 + rPA

(r, 0.346**)

− B

(r, − 0.203*)

− EE

(r, − 0.171*)

− B

(r, − 0.219**)

− EE

(r, − 0.223**)

− rPA

(r, − 0.316**)

 + B

(β, 0.325**)

 + EE

(β, 0.299**)

 + rPA

(β, − 0.236**)

2018

Bergmüller et al. [152]

 + B (T1; r, 0.24**)

 + B (T2; r, 0.29**)

2018

Bianchi et al. [153]

 + B

(r, 0.589***)

 + B

(β, 0.219**)

2018

Bianchi, [19]

− EE

(β, − 0.374**)

− D

(β, − 0.282*)

− EE

(β, − 0.261*)

− D

(β, − 0.440***)

2018

Harizanova et al. [49]

 + B

(r, 0.63***)

− B

(r, − 0.33***)

 + B

(β, 0.40***)

− B

(β, − 0.11*)

2018

Hildenbrand et al. [58]

 + B

(r, 0.56*)

− B

(r, − 0.24*)

 + B

(β, 0.43***)

− B

(β, − 0.06***)

2018

Iorga et al. [154]

 + EE

(r, 0.266*)

− PA

(r, − 0.289*)

 + PA

(r, 0.458**)

− D

(r, − 0.272*)

 + PA

(r, 0.374***)

− D

(r, − 0.318**)

 + PA

(r, 0.257*)

 + PA

(r, 0.341**)

 + PA

(β, 0.480)^†

2018

Tang et al. [155]

 + EE

(r, 0.76**)

 + D

(r, 0.59**)

− PA

(r, − 0.49**)

− EE

(r, − 0.45**)

− D

(r, − 0.41**)

 + PA

(r, 0.55**)

 + EE

(β, 0.575**)

 + D

(β, 0.514**)

− EE

(β, − 0.096*)

− D

(β, − 0.134**)

2018

Tatalović Vorkapić et al. [156]

− D

(r, − 0.24***)

− D

(r, − 0.19**)

2018

Yao et al. [157]

 + B

(r, 0.35**)

− B

(r, − 0.23**)

 + B

(β, 0.587***)

2018

Zaninotto et al. [158]

 + EE

(r, 0.35**)

 + D

(r, 0.30**)

2018

Bahadori et al. [159]

− B

(r, − 0.275**)

− B

(r, − 0.034**)

− B

(r, − 0.260**)

− B

(r, − 0.283**)

− B

(r, − 0.187**)

− B

(M1; β, − 0.388**; M2; β, − 0.142*)

− B

(M1; β, − 0.359**; M2; β, − 0.523*)

− B

(M1; β, − 0.310**; M2; β, − 0.092*)

2019

Brown et al. [160]

− EEf

(r, − 0.380**)

− EEs

(r, − 0.321**)

− Df

(r, − 0.126*)

− rPAf

(r, − 0.370**)

− rPAs

(r, − 0.428**)

− EEf

(r, − 0.162**)

 + rPAf

(r, 0.246**)

 + rPAs

(r, 0.490**)

 + EEf

(r, 0.162**)

 + EEs

(r, 0.129*)

− Ds

(r, − 0.265**)

 + rPAf

(r, 0.119*)

 + rPAf

(r, 0.162**)

 + rPAs

(r, 0.394**)

 + Df

(r, 0.185**)

 + rPAf

(r, 0.162**)

 + rPAs

(r, 0.326**)

− B

(β, − 0.66***)

− B

(β, − 0.31***)

− B

(β, − 0.284***)

2019

Castillo− Gualda et al. [62]

 + B

(r, 0.36**)

2019

De la Fuente− Solana et al. [161]

 + EE

(β, 0.092**)

− D

(β, − 0.187***)

− PA

(β, − 0.164**)

2019

De Looff et al. [55]

 + B

(r, 0.20***)

− B

(r, − 0.14***)

− B

(r, − 0.15***)

− B

(r, − 0.20***)

− B

(r, − 0.18***)

2019

Farfán et al. [162]

 + B

(r, 0.42**)

− B

(r, − 0.26**)

 + B

(M4; β, 0.16**; M5; β, 0.16*)

2019

Khedhaouria et al. [163]

 + EE

(r, 0.353**)

 + D

(r, 0.303**)

− PA

(r, − 0.376**)

2019

Pérez− Fuentes et al. [17]

 + EE

(r, 0.59***)

 + D

(r, 0.42**)

− PA

(r, − 0.39**)

− D

(r, − 0.40**)

 + PA

(r, 0.35*)

− D

(r, − 0.32*)

 + PA

(r, 0.36*)

2019

Ye et al. [164]

Study 1:

 + EE

(r, 0.43***)

 + D

(r, 0.23***)

− rPA

(r, − 0.25***)

Study 2:

 + EE (T1)

(r, 0.34**)

− EE (T2)

(r, 0.32*)

 + D (T1)

(r, 0.28*)

− PA (T1)

(r, − 0.40**)

− PA (T2)

(r, − 0.29*)

Study 1:

− EE

(r, − 0.23***)

− D

(r, − 0.16*)

 + rPA

(r, 0.32***)

Study 2:

 + PA (T1)

(r, 0.29*)

Study 1:

− EE

(r, − 0.31***)

− D

(r, − 0.43***)

(r, − 0.40**)

 + rPA

(r, 0.51***)

Study 2:

− EE (T2)

(r, − 0.38**)

− D (T1)

(r, − 0.39**)

 + PA (T1)

(r, 0.36***)

 + PA (T2)

(r, 0.27*)

Study 1:

− EE

(r, − 0.20**)

− D

(r, − 0.35***)

 + rPA

(r, 0.38***)

Study 1:

− D

(r, − 0.23***)

 + rPA

(r, 0.44***)

Study 1:

 + EE

(β, 0.62***)

 + D

(β, 0.18*)

− PA

(β, − 0.16*)

Study 1:

− EE

(β, − 0.32*)

− D

(β, − 0.39**)

 + PA

(β, 0.46***)

Study 2:

− EE

(β, − 0.49*)

− D

(β, − 0.48*)

Study 1:

− D

(β, − 0.22*)

 + PA

(β, 0.22*)

Study 1:

 + PA

(β, 0.43***)

2019

Banasiewicz et al. [165]

− EE

(r, − 0.19**)

− EE

(r, − 0.18**)

− EE

(r, − 0.17**)

− EE

(M1; β, − 0.15*; M2; β, − 0.16**; M3; β, − 0.14*; M4; β, − 0.14*)

2020

Bhowmick et al. [166]

− B

(r, − 0.250**)

− B

(r, − 0.167**)

− B

(r, − 0.231**)

− B

(β, − 0.33*)

− B

(β, − 0.45*)

2020

De Vine et al. [167]

 + EE

(r, 0.418*)

 + C

(r, 0.287*)

− PA

(r, − 0.208*)

− EE

(r, − 0.278*)

 + C

(r, 0.291*)

 + PA

(r, 0.274*)

− EE

(r, − 0.303*)

− C

(r, − 0.250*)

 + PA

(r, 0.275*)

− EE

(r, − 0.265*)

− C

(r, − 0.170*)

 + PA

(r, 0.274*)

 + EE

(β, 0.365***)

 + C

(β, 0.196*)

 + EE

(β, 0.220**)

 + C

(β, 0.222*)

 + PA

(β, 0.221**)

 + EE

(β, − 0.193*)

2020

Dionigi, [168]

 + B

(r, 0.285***)

− B

(r, − 0.180***)

− B

(r, − 0.353***)

− B

(r, − 0.355***)

 + B

(β, 0.215***)

− B

(β, − 0.300***)

2020

Farfán et al. [169]

− EE

(r, − 0.209**)

− EE

(r, − 0.239**)

 + EE***

− EE***

2020

Liu et al. [170]

 + EE

(r, 0.28**)

− PA

(r, − 0.17*)

 + PA

(r, 0.24**)

 + PA

(r, 0.26**)

− EE

(r, − 0.20*)

 + PA

(r, 0.38**)

 + PA

(r, 0.21**)

 + EE

(β, 0.24*)

 + PA

(β, 0.31***)

2020

Mahoney et al. [171]

 + EE

(r, 0.16*)

− EE

(r, − 0.23**)

− D

(r, − 0.34**)

 + PA

(r, 0.27**)

− EE

(r, − 0.37**)

− D

(r, − 0.43**)

 + PA

(r, − 0.23**)

− EE

(β, 0.362**)

− D

(β, 0.362**)

2020

Malka et al. [172]

 + EE (S1)

(r, 0.343***)

 + EE (S2)

(r, 0.331***)

2020

Tasic et al. [173]

 + B

(r, 0.452***)

− B

(r, − 0.202*)

2020

Bianchi et al. [174]

 + B

(S1; r, 0.552***)

(S2; r, 0.562***)

(S3; r, 0.642***)

 + B

(S1; β, 0.373***; S2, β, 0.318***; S3, β, 0.409***)

2021

Fuente-Solana et al. [175]

 + EE

(r, 0.610**)

 + D

(r, 0.372**)

− PA

(r, − 0.285**)

− EE

(r, − 0.407**)

− D

(r, − 0.351**)

 + PA

(r, 0.422**)

− EE

(r, − 0.276**)

− D

(r, − 0.439**)

 + PA

(r, 0.269***)

− EE

(r, − 0.318**)

− D

(r, − 0.441**)

 + PA

(r, 0.497**)

 + PA

(r, 0.280**)

 + EE

(β, 0.350***)

 + PA

(β, 0.268**)

− D

(β, − 0.305**)

− D

(β, − 0.236*)

 + PA

(β, 0.391***)

2021

Fuente–Solanaet al. [176]

 + EE

(r, 0.565**)

 + D

(r, 0.432**)

− PA

(r, − 0.270**)

− EE

(r, − 0.304**)

− D

(r, − 0.199***)

 + PA

(r, 0.419**)

− EE

(r, − 0.323**)

− D

(r, − 0.377**)

 + PA

(r, 0.332**)

− EE

(r, − 0.290**)

− D

(r, − 0.309**)

 + PA

(r, 0.371**)

 + PA

(r, 0.407**)

 + EE

(β, 0.250**)

 + D

(β, 0.324***)

− D

(β, − 0.242**)

 + PA

(β, 0.205**)

 + PA

(β, 0.324***)

2021