Table 4 Parameter estimates of the model
Parameter | Unstandardized B (SE) | Standardized β |
|---|---|---|
Structural model | ||
Mothers’ COVID-19-related parental stress | ||
\(\to\)Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .22 (.21) | .06 |
\(\to\)Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms | − .13 (.25) | − .04 |
Fathers’ COVID-19-related parental stress | ||
\(\to\)Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms | − .17 (.21) | − .04 |
\(\to\)Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .79 (.23) | .22*** |
Mothers’ negative emotions during COVID-19 | ||
\(\to\)Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .89 (.29) | .17** |
\(\to\)Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms | − .05 (.33) | − .01 |
Fathers’ negative emotions during COVID-19 | ||
\(\to\)Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .07 (.28) | .02 |
\(\to\)Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .63 (.32) | .13* |
Mothers’ COVID-19-related parental stress × negative emotions | ||
\(\to\)Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .51 (.25) | .11* |
\(\to\)Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms | − .33 (.29) | − .08 |
Fathers’ COVID-19-related parental stress × negative emotions | ||
\(\to\)Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .03 (.22) | .01 |
\(\to\)Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .35 (.15) | .09 |
Control variables | ||
Pre-existing severity of mothers’ depressive symptoms | ||
\(\to\)Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .64 (.06) | .61*** |
\(\to\)Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .20 (.07) | .20** |
Pre-existing severity of fathers’ depressive symptoms | ||
\(\to\)Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .04 (.06) | .03 |
\(\to\)Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .33 (.07) | .30*** |
Household income | ||
\(\to\)Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .02 (.08) | .02 |
\(\to\)Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms | .03 (.10) | .02 |
Additional help from domestic helpers | ||
\(\to\)Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms | − 1.71 (.53) | − .20 |
\(\to\)Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms | − .56 (.60) | − .07 |
Child’s age at Time 2 | ||
\(\to\)Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms | − .04 (.06) | − .04 |
\(\to\)Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms | − .02 (.07) | − .02 |
Covariance | ||
Mothers’ COVID-19-related parental stress | ||
\(\leftarrow \to\)Fathers’ COVID-19-related parental stress | .46 (.08) | .39*** |
Mothers’ negative emotions during COVID-19 | ||
\(\leftarrow \to\)Fathers’ negative emotions during COVID-19 | .27 (.05) | .39*** |
Mothers’ COVID-19-related parental stress × negative emotions | ||
\(\leftarrow \to\)Fathers’ COVID-19-related parental stress × negative emotions | .34 (.07) | .39*** |
Household income | ||
\(\leftarrow \to\)Additional help from domestic helpers | .92 (.13) | .59*** |
Error covariance | ||
Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms | ||
\(\leftarrow \to\)Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms | 2.86 (.68) | .30*** |