Table 3 Means, standard deviations, and correlations among all variables

(1) Household income

–

(2) Additional help from domestic helpers (0 = no; 1 = yes)

.59***

–

(3) Child’s age at Time 2 (months)

.07

.07

–

(4) Mothers’ COVID-19-related parental stress

− .07

− .10

− .04

–

(5) Fathers’ COVID-19-related parental stress

− .09

.01

− .07

.40***

–

(6) Mothers’ negative emotions during COVID-19

.14*

.02

.04

.23***

.21**

–

(7) Fathers’ negative emotions during COVID-19

.13

.03

.07

.23***

.25***

.41***

–

(8) Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms

− .13

− .15*

− .12

.23***

.14*

.37***

.19**

–

(9) Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms

− .10

− .03

− .06

.22***

.36***

.18**

.26***

.42***

–

(10) Pre-existing severity of mothers’ depressive symptoms

− .03

.08

.14*

.22***

.17*

.30***

.15*

.67***

.31***

–

(11) Pre-existing severity of fathers’ depressive symptoms

− .03

.03

.00

.20**

.28***

.15*

.14*

.24***

.42***

.32***

–

M

6.17

.40

70.48

1.24

1.00

3.18

3.12

3.39

3.51

3.52

3.32

SD

3.27

.49

3.62

1.06

1.12

.82

.83

4.24

3.94

3.99

3.57