Table 1 Study characteristics and outcome measures
s/n | Authors | Country | Study design | Sampling Procedure/Sample Size (n) | Instrument Applied | Main outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Muzyamba et al. [35] | Uganda | Qualitative study Cross-sectional Online self-administered questionnaires | Random selection n = 50 Frontline HCWs, 56% males | Qualitative Online survey tools | Depression, anxiety, and PTSD Risks: long working hours, lack of equipment, PPEs, Testing kits, lack of sleep, exhaustion, high death rates, death of colleagues, high rates of transmission Coping strategies: Family networks, community networks, helps from family, responsibility to society, assistance from community members, availability of assistance from strangers and symbiotic nature of assistance in community |
2 | Sagaon Teyssier et al. [39] | Mali | Quantitative study Cross-sectional Non-frontline HCWs, involved in HIV care | Non-probability sampling n = 135(60.7% male, mean age 40yrs) | PHQ-9, (20–27); GAD-7, (0–21), 7 ISI (0–28) | Prevalence: Depression at 71.9%, anxiety at 73.5%, and Insomnia at 77% Risk factors: female, lack of PPEs, and lack of nurses 21.5% had severe depression. Depression was 60% more likely in females than males |
3 | GebreYesus FA et al. [36] | Ethiopia | Quantitative study Cross-sectional, Self-administered questionnaires | Probability sampling. Public hospital n = 322, Response rate 96.5% Males 51.9% | PHQ-9, PSS-10 | Prevalence: Depression at 25.8%, anxiety at 36%, Stress at 31.4%. overall prevalence of MHD was 36% Risk factors: age, gender, education, low income, presence of infected member of a family, living with family, and occupation |
4 | Mulatu HA, et al. [37] | Ethiopia | Quantitative study Cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaires | Probability sampling. St. Paul 2nd Largest Public Hospital Tertiary hospital. Addis Ababa n = 420 response rate 97. Males 58.6% Frontlines HCPs 70.5% | PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI, IES-R | Prevalence: Depression at 20.2%, anxiety at 21.9%, insomnia at 12.4%, and distress at 15.5% Risk factors: Married, frontline workers, exposure to COVID-19 cases, stigma, infected family members, work shift arrangement with longer hours, lack of logistic supports, PPEs & poor or lack of accommodation at the workplace |
5 | Ayalew, et al. [38] | Ethiopia | Quantitative study Cross-sectional study design. Self-administered questionnaires | Probability sampling, Frontline & Non-frontline HCWs in four Public Hospitals, n = 387, response rate 91.7% Males 58.7%, Southern Ethiopia | IES-R | Prevalence: PTSD at 56.8% Significant risk factors were age, working environment, professions, female, married, and nurse. In patients, workers, emergency workers, and ICU, Independent predictors were females, married and nurses |
6 | Jemal K, et al. [40] | Ethiopia | Quantitative study Cross-sectional Self-administered Questionnaires | Probability sampling. Facility based study n = 417, Response rate 98.6%. North Shoa Zone, Oromiya | PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI, IES-R | Prevalence: Depression at 16.3%, anxiety at 30.7%, Insomnia at 15.9%, and Stress at 58% |
7 | Chekole YA., et al. [41] | Ethiopia | Quantitative study Cross-sectional Self-administered questionnaires | Probability sampling, Institutional HCPs n = 244 response rate 100%, Males 66% | PSS-10 | PTSD Prevalence was 51.6% Risk factors were age, and educational qualifications Age and profession were independent predictors of stress. Frontline HCWs had a strong statistical association with stress, nurses, pharmacists, frontlines, and master’s degree |
8 | Asnakew et al. [43] | Ethiopia | Quantitative study Cross-sectional study design, Multicentre self-administered questionnaires to Hospital workers | Probability sampling, n = 396 response rate 93.6%. Males 69.2% females30.8% Northwest Ethiopia | IES-R-22 | PTSD prevalence was 55.1% Risk factors were lack of standard PPEs, age > 40, medical illness, females, perceive stigma, history of mental illness, poor social support, and being a physician |
9 | Asnakew et al. [42] | Ethiopia | Quantitative study Cross-sectional study design Self-administered questionnaires Multicentre in eight hospitals | Probability sampling. n = 419; response rate 99.1%; Males 69%, females 31% Nurses 52% (218). Public Hospitals South Gondar Northwest Ethiopia | DASS-21 Oslo 3 items (OSS-3 for social support) | Prevalence: Depression at 58.2%, anxiety at 64.7%, stress at 63.7% Risk factors: Frontliners, Chronic medical illness, mental illness, contact with COVID-19 case, poor social support, and females |
10 | Ayalew et al. [45] | Ethiopia | Quantitative study Cross-sectional study design Self-administered questionnaires Multicentre | Probability sampling. n = 387, public hospitals. Frontlines & Non-frontlines Males 58.7% Southern Ethiopia | DASS-21 | Prevalence: Depression at 50.1%, anxiety at 55%, stress at 38.5% Risk factors: Anxiety; frontliners, in patient, HCWs, ICU, nurses, emergency workers, OPD, Laboratory technician, pharmacists, older age, females, and the married Depression risks: female, married, living alone, nurses, and inpatient workers, Stress risks: females, nurses, inpatients, living alone, and the married |
11 | Kounou KB et al. [44] | Togo | Quantitative study Cross sectional study design. Hospital-based Self-administered questionnaires | Non-probability n = 62, females 56.5% Lome, Togo | PHQ-9, GAD-7, PMS-9 | Prevalence: Anxiety at 62.9%, and depression at 51.6% Risk factors: profession, workstation, women, and medical illness |
12 | Keubo et al. [47] | Cameroon | Quantitative study Cross-sectional study design. Self-administered questionnaires Hospital based data NGO Institutions | Non-probability n = 292, females 54.5%, Cameroon | HADS | Prevalence: Depression at 43.5% and anxiety at 42.2% The fear of infection and death were associated with depression & anxiety. Assistant nurses had the highest prevalence of depression & anxiety |