Role of time perspectives and self-control on well-being and ill-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multiple mediation model

Table 3 Standardized direct, indirect, and total effects for the mediation model (N = 1,924)

Model pathways	Standardized β	95% CI		p value
		Lower 5%	Upper 5%
*Well-being*
Direct effect	–0.31	–0.38	–0.25	0.000
Indirect effects	–0.11	–0.14	–0.07	0.000
PI→FTP→Well-being	–0.04	–0.07	–0.02	0.004
PI→PHTP→Well-being	0.04	0.01	0.06	0.008
PI→SC→Well-being	–0.05	–0.07	–0.03	0.000
PI→FTP→SC→Well-being	–0.01	–0.02	–0.00	0.007
PI→PHTP→SC→Well-being	–0.04	–0.06	–0.02	0.001
*Ill-being*
Direct effect	0.25	0.19	0.31	0.000
Indirect effects	0.14	0.10	0.18	0.000
PI→FTP→Ill-being	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.425
PI→PHTP→Ill-being	0.05	0.02	0.07	0.000
PI→SC→Ill-being	0.04	0.03	0.06	0.000
PI→FTP→SC→Ill-being	0.01	0.00	0.02	0.010
PI→PHTP→SC→Ill-being	0.04	0.02	0.05	0.001

Note. PI: Perceived impact of COVID-19; FTP: Future time perspective; PHTP: Present-hedonistic time perspective; SC: Self-control

ISSN: 2050-7283