Table 1 General characteristics of study participants across quartiles of DIL and DII

Depression, yes (%)

578 (8.1)

154 (8.6)

157 (8.8)

138 (7.6)

129 (7.3)

0.268

149 (8.3)

146 (8.1)

120 (6.7)

163 (9.2)

0.057

Anxiety, yes (%)

754 (10.5)

196 (11)

195 (10.9)

188 (10.3)

175 (9.9)

0.685

199 (11.1)

180 (9.9)

164 (9.2)

211 (11.8)

0.041

Stress, yes (%)

238 (3.3)

70 (3.9)

62 (3.5)

57 (3.1)

49 (2.8)

0.264

64 (3.6)

64 (3.5)

49 (2.7)

61 (3.4)

0.456

BMI (kg/m2)

27 ± 5.09^II

27.28 ± 5.01

26.82 ± 5.23

26.92 ± 5.06

26.97 ± 5.05

0.036

27.22 ± 5.10

26.83 ± 5.00

26.93 ± 5.08

27.01 ± 5.18

0.12

Age (%)

 20–29 years

1586 (21.5)

318 (17.2)^a

404 (21.9)^b

421 (22.6)^b

443 (24.1)^b

 < 0.01

395 (21.6)

398 (21.4)

418 (22.4)

395 (21.4)

0.499

 30–39 years

1598 (21.6)

310 (16.8)^a

402 (21.8)^b

448 (24.1)^b

438 (23.8)^b

382 (20.9)

408 (21.9)

413 (22.4)

395 (21.4)

 40–49 years

1586 (21.5)

402 (21.8)

409 (22.2)

388 (20.8)

387 (21.1)

408 (22.3)

398 (21.4)

395 (21.4)

385 (20.9)

 50–59 years

1402 (19)

377 (20.4)

350 (19)

340 (18.3)

335 (18.2)

347 (19)

367 (19.7)

314 (17)

374 (20.3)

 60–69 years

1215 (16.4)

438 (23.7)^a

277 (15)^b

265 (14.2)^b

235 (12. 8)^b

299 (16.3)

293 (15.7)

307 (16.6)

316 (17.1)

Marriage (%)

 Single

856 (11.6)

171 (9.3)^a

227 (12.4)^b

228 (12.2)^b

230 (12.5)^b

 < 0.01

227 (12.4)

224 (12.1)

212 (11.5)

193 (10.5)

0.505

 Married

6264 (85.1)

1575 (85.6)

1547 (84.8)

1588 (85.3)

1554 (84.8)

1539 (84.1)

1570 (84.6)

1575 (85.6)

1580 (86)

 Widowed or Divorced

240 (3.3)

95 (5.2)^a

50 (2.7)^b

46 (2.5)^b

49 (2.7)^b

63 (3.4)

61 (3.3)

52(2.8)

64 (3.5)

Smoking status (%)

 Never smoker

6327 (87.8)

1560 (87.3)

1604 (88.5)

1564 (87.6)

1578 (87.8)

0.796

1598 (88.2)

1578 (87.2)

1601 (88.1)

1551 (87.7)

0.708

 Current smoker

766 (10.6)

204 (11.4)

178 (9.8)

192 (10.6)

192 (10.7)

189 (10.4)

197 (10.9)

187 (10.3)

193 (10.9)

 Ex_smoker

113 (1.6)

23 (1.3)

30 (17)

32 (1.8)

28 (1.6)

25 (1.4)

35 (1.9)

29 (1.6)

24 (1.4)

Gender, male (%)

3673 (49.7)

809 (43.8)^a

931 (50.6)^b

983 (51.7)^b

950 (51.9)^b

 < 0.01

899 (48.9)

910 (48.9)

917 (49.7)

947 (51.4)

0.388

Employment (%)

 Unemployed

1415 (19.5)

363 (20.2)

343 (19)^a

324 (17.7)^b

385 (21.3)

 < 0.01

1415 (19.5)

3537 (48.8)^b

247 (3.4)^b

2046 (28.2)^a

0.015

 Government employee

3537 (48.8)

976 (54.2)^a

895 (49.5)^b

867 (47.5)^b,c

799 (44.1)^c

348 (19.4)^b

392 (18)^b

330 (18.2)

408 (22.5)^a

 Manual worker

247 (3.4)

60 (3.3)

52 (2.9)

75 (4.1)

60 (3.3)

898 (50.1)

920 (50.4)

897 (49.4)

822 (45.4)

 Freelance job

2046 (28.2)

401 (22.3)^a

518 (28.7)^b

561 (30.7)^b

566 (31.3)^b

58 (3.2)

68 (3.7)

62 (3.4)

59 (3.3)

Education (%)

 Illiterate

1776 (24.1)

577 (31.4)^a

385 (20.9)^b

412 (22.1)^b

402 (22.1)^b

 < 0.01

439 (23.9)

471 (25.4)

421 (23)

445 (24.2)

0.01

 Middle school

2095 (28.5)

503 (27.4)

552 (30)

508 (27.3)

532 (29.2)

490 (26.7)^b

495 (26.7)^b

514 (28)^b

596 (32.4)^a

 Diploma

2289 (31.1)^a

527 (28.7)

566 (30.8)^b

615 (33)

581 (31.9)

589 (32.1)

563 (30.4)

593 (32.3)

544 (29.6)

 Bachelor’s degree

995 (13.5)

195 (10.6)^a

270 (14.7)^b

266 (14.3)^b

264 (14.5)^b

256 (14)

271 (14.6)

253 (13.8)

215 (11.7)

 Master and doctor

205 (2.8)

35 (1.9)^a

65 (3.5)^b

61 (3.3)

44 (2.4)

60 (3.3)

55 (3)

53 (2.9)

37 (2)

Multi-vitamins supplement (%)

 Never

6407 (88.2)

1722 (94.3)^a

1727 (94.2)^a

1666 (91)^b

1292 (72.7)^c

 < 0.01

1549 (85.2)^a

1616 (88.9)^b

1607 (89.8)^b

1635 (88.8)^b

 < 0.01

 1–3/month

482 (6.6)

41 (2.2)^a

46 (2.5)

74 (4)^b

321 (18.1)^c

147 (8.1)^a

103 (5.7)^bc

94 (5.3)^c

138 (7.5)^ab

 Minimal once a week

378 (5.2)

63 (3.5)^a

60 (3.3)^a

90 (4.9)^b

165 (9.3)^c

123 (6.8)^a

99 (5.4)^a

88 (4.9)^a

68 (3.7)^b

Energy intake (kcal)

2897 ± 1378

1580 ± 298^a

2161 ± 376^b

1318 ± 569^b

4828 ± 1015^b

0.001 < 

3207 ± 1394^a

2822 ± 1306^b

2658 ± 1301^b

2900 ± 1449^b

0.001 <