Table 3 Mean and standard deviation of COPSOQ II subscales by age group of VSW

Quantitative demands

2.78 (0.81)

2.83 (0.85)

− 0.442

Work pace

3.07 (0.96)

3.16 (0.98)

− 0.609

Cognitive demands

3.88 (0.75)

4.07 (0.66)

0.220

Emotional demands

4.07 (0.89)

4.24 (0.80))

0.705

Influence at work

3.16 (0.86)

3.32 (0..83)

− 1.326

Development possibilities

4.22 (0.58)

4.24 (0.66)

− 0.229

Meaning of work

3.86 (0.78)

3.87 (0.83)

− 0.114

Commitment to the workplace

4.32 (0.71)

4.34 (0.83)

− 0.280

Predictability

4.18 (0.74)

3.94 (0.92)

2.047

Rewards

3.16 (0.61)

3.15 (0.57)

0.114

Role clarity

3.72 (0.53)

3.56 (0.65)

1.974

Role conflicts

3.75 (0.85)

3.41 (0.95)

2.715

Leadership quality

4.22 (0.67)

4.00 (0.82)

2.041

Social support from supervisor

3.98 (0.87)

3.68 (0.93)

2.276

Social support from colleagues

3.26 (0.49)

3.14 (0.56)

1.528

Job insecurity

1.82 (0.71)

1.90 (0.63)

− 0.763*

Job satisfaction

4.18 (0.72)

3.98 (0.72)

1.867

Work/family conflict

3.97 (0.72)

3.84 (0.74)

1.158

Vertical trust

4.32 (0.48)

4.22 (0.56)

1.419

Horizontal trust

3.86 (0.74)

3.74 (0.82)

1.067

Justice and respect

3.83 (0.64)

3.53 (0.72)

3.022

Sense of community at work

3.09 (0.56)

2.90 (0.60)

2.213

Self-efficacy

2.31 (1.03)

2.50 (1.02)

− 1.317

General health

2.31 (1.19)

2.55 (1.17)

− 1.354

Stress

2.30 (1.02)

2.63 (1.12)

− 2.144

Burnout

2.80 (1.05)

2.94 (0.91)

− 0.998*

Sleep problems

2.66 (0.89)

2.64 (0.93)

0.162

Depressive symptoms

1.94 (0.84)

2.14 (0.97)

− 1.604

Offensive behaviours

1.03 (0.11)

1.15 (0.43)

− 2.601***