Benefits of mindfulness in academic settings: trait mindfulness has incremental validity over motivational factors in predicting academic affect, cognition, and behavior

Table 2 Hierarchical multiple regression analyses predicting the five outcome variables from motivational factors and mindfulness

Predictor variables	Outcome variables
	Test anxiety (N = 161)		Enjoyment (N = 160)		Lack of study strategies (N = 161)		Mind-wandering (N = 159)		Help-seeking avoidance (N = 160)
	ΔR²	β	ΔR²	β	ΔR²	β	ΔR²	β	ΔR²	β
Step 1	.00		.00		.03*		.00		.00
Sex		.02		.01		.17*		.01		.01
Step 2	.16**		.52**		.24**		.15**		.18**
Sex		.01		− .01		.11		− .01		.01
Competence perception		− .09		.01		− .30**		− .23**		− .08
Implicit theory of intelligence		.12		.00		− .12		.10		.05
Mastery-approach goals		.04		.08		.07		− .15		.00
Mastery-avoidance goals		.02		.09		− .04		.09		− .06
Performance-approach goals		− .11		− .10		− .08		.07		− .06
Performance-avoidance goals		.33**		.00		.06		.01		.11
Autonomous academic reasons		.06		.68**		− .27**		− .20*		− .35**
Controlled academic reasons		.11		.03		.27**		.00		.13
Step 3	.07*		.04*		.02		.26**		.11**
Sex		.00		− .07		.09		− .02		− .01
Competence perception		.02		− .02		− .26**		− .03		.04
Implicit theory of intelligence		.04		.05		− .13		− .04		− .06
Mastery-approach goals		.07		.05		.08		− .10		.03
Mastery-avoidance goals		− .01		.13^†		− .07		.00		− .08
Performance-approach goals		− .15		− .07		− .10		.00		− .13
Performance-avoidance goals		.33**		.00		.06		− .01		.13
Autonomous academic reasons		.10		.66**		− .27**		− .13		− .32**
Controlled academic reasons		.10		.02		.26**		.01		.09
Mindfulness: observing		− .01		.12^†		.12		.08		.01
Mindfulness: describing		− .11		− .10		− .08		− .10		− .29**
Mindfulness: acting-with-awareness		− .21*		.13*		.01		− .44**		− .14
Mindfulness: nonreactivity		− .07		− .07		− .02		− .14*		.06
Mindfulness: nonjudging		− .04		.17**		− .05		− .09		− .09

^†p < .10, * p < .05, ** p < .01 (two-tailed tests). ΔR² = increment in R². Sex was coded as 0 for males and 1 for females. N ranges from 159 to 161 due to missing data (response rate = 89% to 90%)

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