Association of self-perceived income status with psychological distress and subjective well-being: a cross-sectional study among older adults in India

Muhammad, T.; Srivastava, Shobhit; Sekher, T. V.

doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00588-5

Table 2 Percentage of older adults suffering from psychological distress and low SWB in India

From: Association of self-perceived income status with psychological distress and subjective well-being: a cross-sectional study among older adults in India

Background characteristics	Psychological distress		Low subjective well-being
Background characteristics	(%)	p < 0.05	(%)	p < 0.05
Self-perceived income sufficiency		*		*
No income	27.1		30.8
Has income and fully sufficient	13.5		15.6
Has income and partially sufficient	23.0		26.6
Has income and not sufficient	35.4		39.4
Working status (last one year)		*		*
Never worked	27.1		30.4
Currently working	19.4		23.5
Retired	6.2		7.0
Receiving pension		*		*
No	23.9		27.6
Yes	22.3		24.6
Asset ownership		*		*
No	31.1		36.5
Yes	21.8		24.6
Sex		*		*
Male	21.1		23.9
Female	25.5		29.3
Co-residing with children		*		*
No	24.6		29.9
Yes	22.9		25.4
Age group (in years)		*		*
60–69	19.9		23.2
70–79	27.0		30.0
80 +	34.9		38.7
Educational status		*		*
No education	30.6		35.5
Below 5 years	22.3		24.0
6 to 10 years	12.5		13.9
11 + years	8.4		10.3
Marital status		*		*
Not in union	28.5		32.9
Currently in union	20.1		22.7
Decision making power		*		*
No role	50.3		55.9
Partial role	28.5		33.0
Absolute role	19.6		22.3
Community involvement		*		*
No	34.5		40.2
Yes	20.5		23.5
Have someone to trust		*		*
No	37.4		42.8
Yes	20.5		23.3
Experienced economic violence		*		*
No	22.5		25.8
Yes	42.0		45.0
Chronic diseases		*		*
No	20.0		23.3
Yes	25.3		28.6
Caste		*		*
Scheduled Castes	28.0		33.8
Scheduled Tribes	32.4		35.1
Other Backward Classes	25.7		27.8
Others	17.3		20.5
Religion		*		*
Hindus	25.7		28.5
Muslims	23.1		29.9
Sikhs	7.8		12.1
Others	16.3		21.6
Household wealth status		*		*
Poorest	37.1		47.3
Poorer	29.6		32.4
Middle	19.7		21.1
Richer	14.7		14.7
Richest	9.2		9.3
Place of residence		*		*
Rural	25.1		28.3
Urban	18.7		22.4
State		*		*
Himachal Pradesh	17.0		15.1
Punjab	7.2		11.4
West Bengal	29.3		48.3
Odisha	37.5		35.3
Maharashtra	22.7		34.3
Kerala	13.8		14.8
Tamil Nadu	36.2		31.7
Total	23.4		26.7

^*if p < 0.05 based on chi-square test

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ISSN: 2050-7283

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