Table 2 Gender differences across the sports-participation dimensions and the parenting-behavior domain

Parents’ employee status

1.74 (.55)

1.79 (.53)

1.53

.217

.00

Age

14.10 (.42)

14.09 (.36)

.16

.69

.00

Immigrant background

52.4%

50.7%

.13

.132

.02

Role modeling

1.57 (1.40)

1.49 (1.27)

.466

.495

.00

Sports-related co-activities

2.16 (.97)

2.63 (1.17)

29.81

.001

.05

Youth’s attainment values T1

2.47 (1.04)

2.79 (1.13)

13.43

.001

.02

Youth’s attainment values T2

2.29 (1.00)

2.59 (1.01)

12.60

.001

.02

Participation in sports T1

57.1%

77.4%

29.06

.001

.22

Participation in sports T2

55.3%

67.8%

7.68

.01

.13

Sports intensity T1

8.57 (4.24)

9.61 (3.95)

6.39

.01

.02

Sports intensity T2

7.62 (5.19)

8.94 (5.11)

4.85

.05

.02

Continued sports participation

86.6%

88.3%

.28

.596

.03