The value of hope: development and validation of a contextual measure of hope among people living with HIV in urban Tanzania a mixed methods exploratory sequential study

Table 3 Construct Validity Assessment: Pearson’s Correlation of Selected Variables with Mean Hope Scores (N = 326)

Validation measures	Baseline		24 Months follow up
Validation measures	Correlation with mean hope	p-value	Correlation with mean hope	p-value
Socio-demographic
General HIV knowledge	0.281	< 0.001	0.422	< 0.001
Knowledge of ART medication	0.161	0.003	0.544	< 0.001
Mental health
Depression PHQ9 scores(−)	−0.299	< 0.001	− 0.348	0.002
Self- esteem (+)	0.178	< 0.001	0.490	< 0.001
Stigma(s) (−)	−0.276	0.001	−0.446	< 0.001
Social support(+)	0.209	< 0.001	0.101	0.023
Local scale of stress (msongo)	−0.398	0.004	−0.310	< 0.001
Local scale of depression (sonona)	− 0.411	< 0.001	− 0.566	< 0.001
Behavioral risk
Adherence to ART (+)	0.110	0.005	0.338	0.006
Attendance to clinic visits (+)	0. 131	0.018	0.176	0.040
Clinical outcomes
CD4 (+)	0.035	0.532	0.224	0.092
Weight	0.027	0.626	0.244	0.070
Hemoglobin (BHG)	0.061	0.270	0.188	0.160

ISSN: 2050-7283