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Table 1 Descriptive statistics of all variables used in Research questions 1 and 2

From: Urbanicity, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, and behavioral and emotional problems in children: a path analysis

 

JOiN

BIBO

M (SD) or F(%)

Range

M (SD) or F(%)

Range

Behavioral problems

0.90 (0.76)

0.00–3.39

0.91 (0.76)

0.00–3.78

Emotional problems

0.59 (0.51)

0.00–2.96

0.42 (0.44)

0.00–2.76

Urbanicity

2.23 (1.36)

0.00–4.00

1.44 (1.08)

0.00–4.00

AUCi (nmol/l)

342.34 (132.60)

66.60–877.40

213.23 (118.59)

37.20–789.00

AUCg (nmol/l)

7497.46 (2116.77)

1359.90–15,945.00

4819.49 (1361.28)

2518.25–10,801.13

Cortisol awakening response

3.18 (6.36)

−22.19-20.90

–

–

Decline

8.84 (5.36)

−10.80-33.79

12.67 (5.03)

−0.35-26.00

SES-Employment

0.10 (0.95)

−3.94-1.78

0.08 (0.92)

−3.05-1.79

SES-Income

−0.12 (0.83)

−2.17-3.01

0.01 (0.89)

−1.69-3.30

SES-Multi-ethnicity

–

–

0.10 (0.90)

−1.79-2.89

Family SES (low/average/high)

10/21/69

 

0/14/86

 

Age at PSP

10.64 (1.40)

7.92–12.92

6.04 (0.13)

5.83–6.75

Sex (male/female)

47/53

 

51/49

 

Season (summer/winter)

44/56

 

50/50

 

Time

–

–

687.86 (34.01)

570.00–764.00

  1. Note. All cortisol measures are indicated in nmol/l. JOiN: n = 306 except pertaining to AUCi (n = 256), and AUCg, Cortisol awakening response and Decline (n = 282); BIBO: n = 141 except pertaining to AUCi (n = 135), and AUCg and Decline (n = 115). AUCi Area under the curve with respect to increase, AUCg Area under the curve with respect to ground, SES Socioeconomic status, PSP Psychosocial stress procedure, Time Time between basal cortisol 1 and basal cortisol 4