Skip to main content

Table 2 Item slope a and item locations b 1 , b 2 , and b 3 , stratified by language and ethnicity

From: Cross-cultural validation of the German and Turkish versions of the PHQ-9: an IRT approach

Item

Samplea

a (SE)

b 1 (SE)

b 2 (SE)

b 3 (SE)

1. Anhedonia

G-G

2.93 (0.17)

−0.49 (0.04)

0.92 (0.07)

1.54 (0.10)

T-G

2.59 (0.35)

−0.45 (0.12)

1.15 (0.14)

1.85 (0.20)

T-T

1.45 (0.32)

−0.52 (0.29)

1.46 (0.26)

2.06 (0.34)

2. Depressed mood

G-G

3.97 (0.26)

−0.26 (0.04)

0.83 (0.06)

1.47 (0.10)

T-G

3.46 (0.51)

−0.13 (0.10)

0.80 (0.11)

1.51 (0.15)

T-T

4.16 (0.84)

−0.13 (0.13)

0.88 (0.18)

1.26 (0.22)

3. Sleep problems

G-G

2.54 (0.14)

−0.60 (0.04)

0.63 (0.06)

1.31 (0.09)

T-G

2.37 (0.32)

−0.47 (0.13)

0.55 (0.11)

1.34 (0.16)

T-T

2.33 (0.48)

−0.48 (0.20)

0.67 (0.18)

1.02 (0.21)

4. Low energy

G-G

3.02 (0.17)

−0.83 (0.04)

0.56 (0.06)

1.32 (0.09)

T-G

2.94 (0.40)

−0.84 (0.13)

0.43 (0.10)

1.22 (0.14)

T-T

2.95 (0.61)

−0.78 (0.23)

0.77 (0.17)

1.12 (0.21)

5. Appetite changes

G-G

2.53 (0.16)

0.04 (0.05)

1.08 (0.08)

2.07 (0.15)

T-G

2.40 (0.34)

0.00 (0.11)

0.81 (0.12)

1.55 (0.18)

T-T

1.57 (0.36)

0.07 (0.20)

1.59 (0.30)

1.88 (0.34)

6. Low self-esteem

G-G

3.04 (0.20)

0.05 (0.04)

0.93 (0.07)

1.54 (0.11)

T-G

2.95 (0.44)

0.14 (0.10)

1.01 (0.12)

1.62 (0.17)

T-T

2.97 (0.64)

0.03 (0.14)

1.13 (0.21)

1.51 (0.26)

7. Concentration difficulties

G-G

2.92 (0.19)

0.08 (0.05)

1.07 (0.08)

1.89 (0.13)

T-G

2.08 (0.30)

0.09 (0.11)

0.98 (0.14)

1.75 (0.21)

T-T

2.33 (0.51)

0.33 (0.15)

1.27 (0.23)

1.93 (0.32)

8. Psychomotor changes

G-G

2.32 (0.17)

0.63 (0.07)

1.64 (0.13)

2.39 (0.20)

T-G

2.67 (0.43)

0.56 (0.11)

1.51 (0.17)

2.04 (0.23)

T-T

2.76 (0.64)

0.25 (0.14)

1.25 (0.22)

1.58 (0.27)

9. Suicidal ideation

G-G

2.74 (0.23)

0.79 (0.07)

1.64 (0.12)

2.29 (0.19)

T-G

2.40 (0.42)

1.02 (0.13)

1.71 (0.20)

2.28 (0.29)

T-T

2.06 (0.52)

0.90 (0.18)

1.86 (0.32)

2.08 (0.36)

  1. Bolded data where DIF (see Table 3) is present
  2. aG-G Germans with no migration background completing the German version of the PHQ-9 (n = 1670), T-G Turkish immigrants completing the German version of the PHQ-9 (n = 191), T-T Turkish immigrants completing the Turkish version of the PHQ-9 (n = 116)
Back to article page

BMC Psychology

ISSN: 2050-7283

Contact us