Psychological reaction to Covid-19 of Italian patients with IBD

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of the novel coronavirus (Covid-19) on disease management and psychological status. This study explored psychological reactions to the Covid-19 emergency and IBD disease management in a sample of Italian patients. An online questionnaire was designed to assess general concerns, psychological reaction, disease management, socio-demographics, and clinical information with validated scales and ad hoc items. A non-probabilistic purposive sample was selected, comprised patients with IBD who belonged to the Italian Association for patients with IBD (AMICI Onlus) completed the questionnaire in April 2020. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, student’s T-test for independent groups, and one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). One thousand fourteen eligible questionnaires were analyzed. Italian patients with IBD appeared to be very worried about the Covid-19 emergency (60.7%) and concerned about the risks of infection (59%). Half of the sample reported medium to high-perceived stress, and 74% had low-medium coping self-efficacy levels. One third was in a state of psychological arousal. Twenty-nine percent of patients had canceled hospital appointments for fear of contracting the virus. The majority of responders believed that belonging to the Italian Association for Patients with IBD - AMICI Onlus - is useful. The results revealed that this sample of Italian patients with IBD lived with medium level of stress and with inadequate coping self-efficacy regarding disease management. Accordingly, Covid-19 may affect self-management behaviors. Therefore, national and regional associations for patients with IBD, should largely support these patients in this emergency.

These recommendations had a disruptive effect on people's lifestyles, requiring all to modify their daily habits. Moreover, these measures-together with the uncertainty of the health emergency-had emotional and psychological consequences, challenging people's abilities to cope with the stressful situation [5].
People with a chronic disease, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are particularly vulnerable because they must change their daily habits dramatically and eventually modify their disease management to adapt to the emergency [6]. IBD is a life-long condition affecting around 250,000 Italians [7]. As there is no ultimate cure for IBD, treatments include mainly medications with possible unpleasant side effects and-in some casesinvasive surgery, along with constant lifestyle and diet management [8]. Moreover, it is known that patients with IBD are more likely to experience the psychological burden and stress-related disorders compared to other people [9]. The level of stress negatively influences the course and the severity of the underlying intestinal disease [10,11] and quality of life [12]. It is known to alter the socalled "brain-gut axis, " [13] a link between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system, which can be exacerbated by high impact stressful events, such as Covid-19 [5,14]. In this situation, patients' psychological abilities to cope with such stressful events are protective factors that help improve outcomes [15,16]. In addition, the ability to actively manage one's disease-also defined as Patient Engagement [17,18]-is considered a fundamental element of effective clinical care processes [19,20]. To date, only a few studies have reported the first results in this area. Yu et al. [21] published a survey on Chinese patients with IBD, demonstrating no significant effect of restrictions on patients' disease condition and quality of life within one month after the onset of restrictions. Moreover, few Italian studies have mapped patients' reactions to the Covid-19 emergency, despite the illness being particularly challenging in this country.
In line with these premises, the present study aimed to explore the psychological reactions of Italian patients with IBD and their concerns about the Covid-19 emergency, with particular attention to possible adverse effects on disease management.

Study design and participants
The survey was conducted using a CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interviewing) methodology. Data were collected using a questionnaire distributed between April 6 and April 13, 2020, to a purposive sample of patients who belonged to the Italian Association for Patients with IBD -AMICI Onlus. The questionnaire was sent to 4187 patients with IBD who were older than 18 years of age. Overall, 1058 patients completed the questionnaire, with a response rate of 25%. Out of 1058, only 1014 were 100% complete, and these were used in statistical analysis. Moreover, "I prefer not to respond" was added as an optional answer to particularly sensitive general concern questions. If the subject chose this answer, this response was considered as "missing data" to obtain more robust and meaningful results.

Study measures
The survey used in this study measured the following variables (see Additional file 1: part 1 for the complete survey guide): Socio-demographic variables: a series of socio-demographical data were collected, including: age, sex, level of education, region of residence, urban center size, marital status and income in order to characterize the sample.
Disease characteristics of the patients: in particular, two questions regarding the year of diagnosis of their disease and the type of disease (Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis) were included in the questionnaire.
Covid-19 general concerns: General concerns about Covid-19 risk were assessed with three different ad hoc items that were qualitatively piloted in a small sample of patients to verify their understandability before the national launch of the survey. In particular, participants answered a question regarding how concerned they are about the emergency ranging from 1 (not concerned at all) to 10 (very concerned) and they were also asked to rate from 1 (very little) to 5 (a lot) their perceived risk of being infected by the new Covid-19 virus. Finally, the concern that close people could be at risk of contagion was also measured by one item using a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (very little) to 5 (a lot). Moreover, the perception of Covid-19 emergency as a potential threat in compromising one's delicate health condition was assessed with four ad hoc items. Three questions were measured by dichotomous, yes/no answers and one was measured using a 5-point likert scale ranging from 1 ("completely disagree") to 5 ("completely agree"). An example of item is: "Does Covid-19 contribute to the worsening of chronic inflammatory bowel disease?"Covid-19 testing questions: For the presence of Covid-19 infection, four questions measured on dichotomous scales were used to explore whether the subjects themselves had undergone the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for Covid-19 (yes/no) and what was the result (positive/negative), for themselves and their family. These items were also previously used in other researches [22,23].

The psychological reaction to Covid-19 health emergency
Three validated scales were used as follows: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS): Four-item version validated by Cohen et al. was used [24]. The PSS is designed to measure the levels of stress experienced in response to a stressful situation. Higher scores on this scale represent greater stress levels experienced as a result of a stressful situation. All items were assessed on 5-point Likert scales ranging from 0 ("never") to 4 ("very often"). An example of item is: "In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?".
Coping Self-Efficacy Scale (CSE): This scale was validated by Chesney et al. [25] and contained 13 items grouped into three factors that represent different strategies for coping with specific tasks: (1) Problem-focused composed of 6 items (e.g. 'break an upsetting problem down into smaller parts'); (2) emotional-focused composed of 4 items (e.g. 'take your mind off negative thoughts'); (3) relational-focused composed of 3 items (e.g. 'get emotional support from friends and family'). Higher scores on this scale represent greater perceived confidence (self-efficacy) in performing coping behaviors when faced with life challenges, such as disease management in this case. All items were assessed on 11-point Likert scales ranging from 0 ("cannot do at all") to 10 ("certain can do") with a middle point 5 ("moderately certain can do").
Patient Health Engagement Scale (PHE-s ® ): A revised version of this measure, developed according to the Patient Health Engagement model [26], assesses the consumers' health engagement level, defined as "people's psychological readiness and sense of mastery to become active players in their health management and health risk prevention." Previous studies have demonstrated its robust psychometric properties [27]. This scale contains five ordinal items reflecting the continuum of patient movement across the four levels of the PHE model (Patient Health Engagement model). According to the ordinal nature of the PHE-s ® , the median score is a more reliable index to calculate the final subject scores [26]. Based on these scores, each respondent is classified into one of the four stages of health engagement described in the PHE model (i.e., Blackout, Arousal, Adhesion, Eudaimonic Project) [26]. For this study's purposes, the PHEs ® was slightly revised to adapt the items' formulation to the specific context of the Covid-19 disease emergency.

Disease management during the Covid-19 health emergency
Participants were asked five questions about their disease management during the Covid-19 emergency using a series of dichotomous (yes/no) ad hoc questions. The wording of these ad-hoc questions was first qualitatively piloted with a small sample of patients to verify their understandability. In particular were explored: • cancellation of hospital visits: "Did you cancel hospital visits for a gastrointestinal check-up or treatment for fear of contracting Covid-19?" • difficulty in contacting the referring doctor: "Are you having trouble contacting your doctor because of the Covid-19 emergency?" • usefulness of patient associations: "Are the patient associations of reference for your disease very helpful in supporting you in this time of emergency?" • possibility to keep in touch with patient associations: "Can you stay in touch with patient associations despite the emergency?" • management of the use of medicines: "Did you stop taking your medication because of the spread of Covid-19?"
Moreover, 64.2% of the subjects had received their IBD diagnosis more than ten years before the survey (Table 1).

Covid-19 general concerns
The results of the survey assessing general concerns about Covid-19 are presented in Table 2. The participants considered themselves at high-risk for the Covid-19 emergency (risk severity score mean ± SD = 7.9 ± 2.1). Most responders (60.7%) declared they were "very worried" about Covid-19. A large proportion of the participants (59%) believed to be at a high risk of contracting Covid-19. Moreover, most of the participants were deeply concerned that people closest to them might contract Covid-19 (80.7%) because the rapid and extensive spread of this virus seemed to have affected many people close to the participants (36.7%) ( Table 2). Only 2.5% of the IBD patients in this sample had been subjected to a PCR test (polymerase chain reaction test) for Covid-19: 16% tested positive for the virus. Interestingly, 37% of the subjects could not even speculate whether they have already had contracted the disease (Table 2).
Importantly, subjects appeared to have little knowledge of the relationship between IBD and Covid-19. Some of them declared that they did not know whether their underlying disease made them more vulnerable to contracting Covid-19 (45.2%) or whether the virus could worsen their IBD (50.1%). On the other hand, most patients were convinced that taking immunosuppressants could increase the probability of contracting Covid-19 (57.8%) and that the stress caused by the pandemic worsened the symptoms of IBD (50.8%) (see Additional file 2: Part 2).

The psychological reaction to the Covid-19 health emergency
About half of the sample (47.4%) appeared to experience a medium level of stress (1.6 ± 0.69) arising from Covid-19, and 74% had low to medium coping self-efficacy levels (6.2 ± 1.78). Among them, one third applied a focusedproblem oriented strategy (35.1%), one third applied an emotional-oriented strategy (30.6%), and about one quarter (23.7%) considered the advice of friends and family to deal with difficult and problematic situations. Some patients reported being in a psychological adhesion stage and were somewhat ready to be active players in their health management and risk prevention during Covid-19 (55%). A quarter of the participants reported experiencing psychological arousal (25.1%) due to difficulties managing their health ( Table 3).
The perception of stress and the patient health engagement scores were also compared by sex, geographical area of residence, age group, and type of disease (Table 3) (Table 4).
Moreover, after applying Bonferroni-correction, setting the p value to 0.008 given the six comparisons between four [29] geographic area groups, we observed that these significantly influenced health engagement levels [F (3,1010) = 5.261; p = 0.001326, η2 = 0.02]. In particular, people who lived in the north-west and north-east were more engaged in their health compared to those who lived on the islands or the south (Table 5).
However, the effects of the geographic area on the perceived stress scores [F (3,1010)

Disease management during the Covid-19 health emergency
A large portion (71%) of the patients reported that they had not canceled their medical visits and had continued their medications (96.5%) during the Covid-19

Center/South And Islands
Health engagement levels (PHE) .

Discussion
This is study has the advantage to have investigated the psychological reactions of a large sample of patients with IBD to Covid-19 in Italy in the very peak of the Covid-19 diffusion and management.
In terms of concerns, these patients reported higher levels of uncertainty during the Covid-19 emergency regarding the possibility of having contracted the virus. In our sample, a considerable number of patients did not know whether the virus could affect their specific disease condition directly or indirectly. In the case of a stressor, such as Covid-19, patients with chronic, immune-mediated conditions, such as IBD, may feel disoriented and abandoned. Such feelings could worsen subjects' perception of Covid-19's effect on their disease and quality of life. Previous studies have indeed demonstrated a correlation between feelings of uncertainty and health-related quality of life [30]. Similar to our study, Mosli et al. [31] also found that many Saudi patients with IBD expressed anxiety due to the uncertainty of the Covid-19 pandemic. Our results could help the healthcare professionals and the entire health organizations identifying the main sources of concerns and adopt consequent actions (such as providing patients with information and helping them track contagions) to guarantee better care outcomes. In line with these considerations, recent studies conducted in Italy proposed guidelines for treating these patients as a part of the Covid-19 disease management [32].
Our results regarding psychological reactions showed that Italian patients with IBD have medium levels of perceived stress, with younger patients and females experiencing higher stress, similar to the observations noted in China [21]. In particular, this medium level of perceived stress revealed by this research is similar to that experienced by IBD patients in different parts of the world during the Covid-19 pandemic [33]. Moreover, these findings are also in line with other studies conducted on health adult people during and before this health emergency [34,35]. Concerning self-efficacy skills, in our study, the great majority of Italian patients with IBD, particularly females, also had low-medium coping self-efficacy levels regarding specific tasks, such as IBD disease management. This is in line with other studies in which women seemed to have a lower psychological ability to cope with stressful events [36]. As the coping ability has been found to play a protective role in IBD [15,16], particular attention should be given to women with IBD during the pandemic with support interventions. In addition, a significant portion of Italian patients with IBD appears to rely on an emotion-focused coping strategy, which is not the optimal approach to deal with stressful events because contextual factors (such as the variation of imposed preventive measures) could influence emotions in this stressful period, contributing to mood swings. Even in normal conditions, the emotion-focused coping strategy can prevent patients from developing a functional way to deal with risky situations [37,38]. Accordingly, patients who rely primarily on emotional coping self-efficacy strategy should be targeted for psychological interventions in highly uncertain emergencies, such as Covid-19.
Our study also explored patients' readiness to actively participate in their health management and risk prevention-defined in the literature as Patient Engagement [17]-during this health emergency and demonstrate key self-management behaviors concerning the Covid-19 emergency. Half of our Italian patients with IBD were in the adhesion stage, having a good psychological elaboration of the emergency and sufficiently following the preventive measures to contain the virus spread [27]. In fact, our results also reported a high level of medication adherence and visit continuity. However, almost one-third of our subjects were in blackout and arousal stages, which create a susceptibility to sudden contextual changes impacting them. Indeed, the blackout and arousal stages describe a patient who is psychologically struggling with the current situation, in the grip of negative emotions, and unable to actively manage their disease condition [27]. Such patients are at risk of losing their bearings and falling into a psychological sense of discouragement. As previous research demonstrated, this psychological elaboration of a patient's identity has a mediating role in their ability to be an active partner of the healthcare system and their adherence to prescriptions [39]. Therefore, identifying and focusing on those patients in lower stages of patient engagement could improve IBD care during the pandemic and facilitate their adhesion to the medical prescriptions.
Considering the socio-demographic characteristics of the sample the results showed that young-adult (31-45 years) and adult (46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60) patients are less engaged in the management of their illness than the older ones (> 60 years). Moreover, people who lived in the North of Italy (north-west and north-east) were more engaged in the management of their illness (inflammatory bowel disease) in this Covid-19 emergency compared to those who lived on the islands or the south. These results seem to contradict the epidemiological data recorded during the first months of the pandemic. Indeed, the distribution of infected subjects and deaths, was not homogeneous in Italy, respectively about 7 times and 12 times higher in northern than in southern regions [40]. However, in northern Italy, many hospitals have promptly responded to this situation by creating new units or converting others to assist patients with Covid-19, training staff and giving guidelines to citizens to be able to protect themselves from Covid-19 contagion. In particular, some northern hospitals specialized in the treatment of IBD patients (such as Policlinico San Donato Research Hospital located in the southeastern part of the Milan metropolitan area), during the pandemic of Covid-19 have tried to support patients with IBD, providing adequate facilities such as the counseling service which required the presence of at least one person (such as IBD-dedicated nurse) available 24/7 to answer e-mails and phone calls [41]. However, in the south of Italy, already known for having a weaker health system than in the north, there have been greater problems managing this pandemic due to the lack of available beds and staff. This different organization and readiness to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic between the north and south could have affected people's perceptions of effectiveness. In particular, those who lived in the north of Italy could feel effective and able to manage their illness because they were surrounded by a system that was able to reassure them and provide information on how to treat their IBD during the pandemic. On the contrary, those who lived in the south could feel more disoriented and less effective in managing their disease during Covid-19 due to lack of support from the local health care system. This paper has strengths and limitations. In particular, the main strength of this research is that it aims to investigate the psychological status of patients with IBD during the Covid -19 pandemic, being complementary to other studies aimed at understanding the physical symptoms and diagnostic-therapeutic management of IBD patients with Covid-19 [42][43][44]. Therefore this paper broadens the study horizons related to IBD patients during the Covid-19 health emergency by introducing results that explore the psychological conditions and outcomes of patients with IBD, which are still little considered in literature.
Regarding to limitations, it has to be noted that 75% of the patients did not respond to the survey. This may be because our survey was implemented during the first month of emergency when the patients were the most likely to be emotionally overcome. Nonetheless, many Italian patients with IBD participated in our survey, indicating their willingness to react to the pandemic by contributing with their experiences to our understanding of the current situation and its effect on their daily care routine. Furthermore, in our study, we only relied on patient-reported outcomes rather than chart reviews or other more objective data. This could be, in some ways, a limitation of the study. However, scholars have recently underlined the importance of giving voice to the patients and understanding their lived disease experience, for example, through patient-reported measures of experiences and outcomes [45]. With patients as key stakeholders in the healthcare sector, interest in evaluating their direct experiences and creating added value has been growing. Thus, our results provide a valuable contribution to achieving this aim in the pandemic situation. Another potential limitation was that the participants were recruited from among patients with a long disease duration belonging to the Italian Association for patients with IBD -Amici Onlus. As such, IBD patients in this study were not novices to their disease and its fallouts and were more likely to have developed sufficient ability to deal with their emotions, even in a stressful pandemic situation, which could have contributed to their lower perceived stress in this study. These participants may also be more prepared to deal with stressful situations, as they are "practiced" patients. Finally, in this study, we considered psychometric significance as an indicator of the effect of Covid-19 on Italian patients with IBD's disease experience, while the relationship between psychological discomfort and IBD symptomatology was not investigated, representing a limitation. Nevertheless, following the methodological recommendations [46], small yet significant psychometric differences reflect the change in IBD patients' psychological well-being and distress. Future studies should verify the relationships of IBD symptoms and actual long-term IBD with Covid-19 related outcomes and the various psychological parameters and outcomes examined in this study. Future studies should also consider implementing an experiment with a healthy control group to compare these two populations.

Conclusion
The present study was able to contribute to the literature about IBD patients and Covid-19 pandemic, suggesting that it is important to consider and monitor the psychological status of patients with IBD during the Covid-19 pandemic to prevent a worsening in psychological outcomes which can, in turn, have negative implications on clinical ones. In particular, our results still highlighted an important effect of this pandemic on stress, coping, and engagement capabilities. For this reason, we emphasize the need for future studies to further investigate the psychological reaction of patients with IBD and give indications for support interventions.