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Table 2 ARMs and Stakeholders Perceptions of Problems and Functions

From: Views and experiences of migrants and stakeholders involved in social and health care for migrants in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study

ARMs (n = 7)

Stakeholders (n = 12)

 

Question 1: What are all the problems that affect migrants living in Italy since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic?

 

Problems

Frequency (N)

Problems

Frequency (N)

 

Job issue

6

Job issue

11

 

Inclusion process

6

Access to services

7

 

Financial Issue

5

Digitalization

7

 

Distress

5

Document issue

6

 

Digitalization

4

Barriers to autonomy

6

 

Access to services

4

Freedom restrictions

6

 

Freedom restrictions

4

Loneliness and social restrictions

5

 

Document issue

2

Understanding public health measures

5

 

Housing

2

Sharing physical and emotional spaces

3

 
  

Relationship with country of origin/community

3

 
  

Housing

1

 

Question 2: Can you think of any other problems that affect migrants living in Italy?

 

Problems

Frequency (N)

Problems

Frequency (N)

 

Document issue

4

Precarious life

9

 

Racism

4

Job issue

6

 

Emotional distress

4

Racism

6

 

Lack of protective environment

3

Document issue

4

 

Communication and language knowledge

3

Communication and language issue

4

 

Inclusion process and self-determination

2

Relationship with the country of origin

4

 

Sharing physical and emotional spaces

2

Housing

4

 
  

Access to services

3

 
  

Discrepancy of meaning

3

 
  

Sharing physical and emotional space

3

 
  

Transcultural stress

1

 
  

Hyper-vulnerability

1

 

Question 3: What are the activities that migrants frequently do to deal with their problems and to take care of themselves?

 

Activities

Frequency (N)

Activities

Frequency (N)

 

Being engaged in a task

4

Help-seeking from community

8

 

Individual resources

4

Individual resources

6

 

Help-seeking from community

3

Help seeking from social workers

5

 

Be patient and wait

3

Rely on religion and prayer

3

 

Respect the rules

2

Live “here and now”

3

 

Help-seeking from social workers

2

Alcohol and drug abuse

3

 

Cross-cultural mediation

2

Looking for services in the area

2

 

Passive attitude

2

Solving concrete problems

1

 

Stakeholders (n = 12)

 

Question 4: What about the problems that affect people working with migrants since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic?

Question 5: How do people working with migrants deal with that kind of problem?

Problems

Frequency (N)

Activities

Frequency (N)

 

Digitalization

7

Multidisciplinary/team working

4

 

Barriers to autonomy process

4

Practical and concrete support

4

 

Management of emotional experiences

3

Supporting autonomy process

4

 

Managing misunderstanding of public health measures

3

Active listening and acceptance

2

 

Intercultural communication

2

Cultural mediation

2

 

Institutional disorganization

2

Contextualize expectation

1

 

Lack of limits in jobs and hyper-assistance

2

Enhancement of local opportunities

1

 

Difficulties in health care treatment

2

Psycho-education

1

 

Invisibility and lack of protection

1

Recognize role and limits

1

 
  1. * The underlined terms are those mentioned in common by end-users and stakeholders.