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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies describing self-harm

From: Global prevalence of self-harm during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author/year

Country

Study time

Study design

Sample source

Assessment tool

Age

(years)

Sample size (male/female)

Number (N)

Stratifcation variables

Quality score

SH

NSSI

Iob E/2020

England

Mar 21–Apr 10, 2020

Cross-sectional

General population

One item that assessed self harm

 ≥ 18

44,775 (21,929/22846)

2174

NR

Gender; Mental symptoms;

Restrictions

8

Du N/2021

China

Prior to Jan 30, 2021

Cross-sectional

Psychiatric hospital

Psychiatric interview that assessed NSSI

 ≤ 18

609 (77/532)

NR

266

Mental symptoms

6

Hawton K/2021

England

Mar 23–May 05, 2020

Cross-sectional

General hospital

Psychosocial assessments that evaluated self-harm

 ≥ 18

228 (101/127)

107

NR

Gender

5

Hermosillo AE/2021

Mexico

Nov 09–Dec 10, 2020

Cross-sectional

Schools

Suicidal Behaviors Schedule

14 ~ 21

8033 (3910/4123)

454

NR

Gender; Mental symptoms

4

Joyce LR/2021

New Zealand

Mar 26–Apr 28, 2020

Cohort

General hospital

Electronic medical record

0 ~ 60

935(396/539)

71

NR

Mental symptoms; Restrictions

5 *

Kim IH/2021

Korea

Aug 14–Sep 22, 2020

Cross-sectional

Schools

Self-Harm Inventory

22.91 ± 2.16

234 (71/163)

NR

78

Gender

5

Menculini G/2021

Italy

Jun 01, 2020–Jan 31, 2021

Cross-sectional

General hospital

Psychiatric visit that collected NSSI data

42.44 ± 16.42

447 (179/268)

NR

31

Mental symptoms

3

Paul E/2021

England

Apr 1, 2020–May 17, 2021

Longitudinal

General population

One item that assessed self harm

 ≥ 18

49,227 (NR)

3741

NR

NR

7

Robillard CL/2021

Canada

Jun 17–Jul 31, 2020

Cross-sectional

General population

Ontario Child Healthy Study Scales

12–18

809 (356/453)

256

NR

NR

6

Steinhoff A/2021

Switzerland

Apr–Sep, 2020

Longitudinal

Schools

One item that assessed self injury

 ≤ 22

786 (328/458)

57

NR

NR

7

Sugg MM/2021

US

Mar 13–Jul 20, 2020

Cross-sectional

Frontline workers and their children

Daily text conversations

13–65

32,580 (NR)

5150

NR

NR

4

Sveticic J/2021

Australia

Mar–Aug, 2020

Cross-sectional

Emergency departments of hospital

Electronic medical record

 < 18

3190 (1504/1683)

482

NR

NR

4

Warne N/2021

England

May 26–Jul 04, 2020

Cohort

General population

Items adapted from the Child and Adolescent Self-Harm in Europe study

27–29

2657 (766/1891)

185

131

Restrictions

6 *

Wei Z/2021

China

Apr 10–20, 2020

Cross-sectional

Schools

NSSI questionnaire

15 ~ 23

1955 (1005/950)

NR

486

Gender

4

Bhattaram S/2022

India

Mar 24–Jun 30, 2020

Cross-sectional

Emergency departments of hospital

Electronic medical record

32.39 ± 12.06

828 (577/251)

102

NR

Gender; Mental symptoms

5

Slemon A/2022

Canada

May14–19, 2020

Sep 14–21, 2020

Longitudinal

General population

One item asking the history of self injuring behavior in the past two weeks

 ≥ 18

5993 (NR)

97

NR

Restrictions

4

  1. SH self-harm; NSSI Non-suicidal self injury; NR Not reported
  2. *Quality assessment by the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS)