Understanding racial bias through electroencephalography

Manfredi, Mirella; Comfort, William E.; Marques, Lucas M.; Rego, Gabriel G.; Egito, Julia H.; Romero, Ruth L.; Boggio, Paulo S.

doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01125-2

BMC Psychology

Table 1 Summary of studies included in the systematic review

From: Understanding racial bias through electroencephalography

Topic	Subtopic	ERP	Function	Studies
Face recognition	Early perceptual processing	N170	Increase in N170 amplitudes for OR	Brebner et al. [24]
		N200	Higher N200 amplitudes to the perception/categorisation of OR compared to SR faces	Ito and Urland [43], Herrmann et al. [35], Stahl et al. [26], Herzmann et al. [42], Wiese [44]
		N250	Higher N250 ampltudes response to the perception/categorisation of OR compared to SR faces	Ito and Urland [43], Herrmann et al. [35], Herzmann et al. [42], Wiese [44]
		LPP	Higher LPP amplitudes to the perception/categorisation of OR compared to SR faces	Ito and Urland [43], Wiese [44]
	Face recognition memory	N200	Higher N200 to OR faces with race-atypical features than faces that were race-stereotypical	Lucas et al. [101]
	Face recognition memory	P2	Higher P2 to OR faces with race-atypical features than faces that were race-stereotypical	Lucas et al. [101]
Implicit bias	Weapon identification task	ERN	Higher ERN amplitude is positively related to enhanced control during WIT	[3, 68]
	Weapon identification task	ERN	Higher ERN amplitudes observed for misclassification of tools associated with these targets	Fleming et al. [69]
	First-person shooter task	P2	Higher P2 amplitudes in Caucasian in response to Black armed targets than White armed or unarmed targets	Correll, Urland and Ito [70]
		N2	Higher N2 amplitudes for unarmed targets compared to armed targets and White targets compared to Black targets	Correll, Urland and Ito [70]
		ERN	Higher ERN amplitudes related to shooting errors compared to correct shooting	Xu and Inzlicht, [71]
	Implicit association test (IAT)	N170	Higher N170 related to higher social anxiety faced with Black faces compared to White faces	Ofan, Rubin and Amodio [73]
		N200	Higher N200 when presenting uncommon associations stimuli	Ofan, Rubin and Amodio [73]
		P300	Single P300 peak observed for common associations, while two peaks observed for uncommon associations	Coates and Campbell [72]
		MFN	Higher MFN amplitude in response to uncommon associations	Hilgard et al. [13]
Empathy to Pain	Racial bias in empathy in static tasks	N1	Higher N1 amplitudes when facing ingroup pain faces, compared to outgroup faces	Contreras-Huerta et al. [90]
		P2	Higher P2 amplitudes when facing ingroup pain faces, compared to outgroup faces	Li and Han [102], Sheng and Han [87], Sheng et al. [91], Sheng et al. [89]
		P3	Higher P3 amplitudes when facing ingroup pain faces, compared to outgroup faces	Contreras-Huerta et al. [90]
	Racial bias in empathy in dynamic tasks	N2	Higher N2 amplitudes when facing ingroup pain faces, compared to outgroup faces	Sessa et al. [92]
	Racial bias in empathy in dynamic tasks	N3	Higher N3 amplitudes when facing ingroup pain faces, compared to outgroup faces	Sessa et al. [92]

WIT—"Weapon Identification Task"
ERN—"Error-related negativity potential"
IAT—"Implicit Association Test"

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ISSN: 2050-7283

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